Angličtina studovaného oboruXANG / UCJ

texty pro distanční studium

RNDr. Jana Klimánková

Ostravská univerzita v Ostravě, Přírodovědecká fakultaOddělení cizích jazyků

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ÚVOD

Studijní opora Angličtina studovaného oboru je určena studentům bakalářského studijního programu Aplikovaná informatika, který je realizován na PřF OU v distanční a kombinované formě studia. Usiluje o rozvoj jazykových dovedností v kontextu počítačů a informační technologie s důrazem na čtení a psaní.

Po prostudování textu a vypracování úkolů budete znát základní terminologii a jazykové jevy typické pro odborný styl z oblasti informační a komunikační technologie.

Získáte schopnost porozumět dlouhým i složitým textům, odborným článkům a technickým instrukcím, které se vztahují k vašemu oboru. Budete umět číst a posoudit reklamy.

Budete schopni pomocí slovníku samostatně studovat literaturu svého oboru a získáte schopnosti komunikovat v anglickém jazyce v tématech studovaného oboru. V písemné formě se budete umět jasně vyjádřit, uspořádat text a podrobně vysvětlit svá stanoviska, zdůraznit to, co považujete za důležité.

Cvičné texty jsou vybrané z aktuální anglické odborné literatury a zahrnují širokou škálu současných témat IT, používají autentické texty a vizuální materiály vybrané z učebnic, novin, populárních časopiseckých článků a Internetových diskusních skupin, webovských stránek, manuálů a reklam. Setkáte se s tématy známými ze svého předchozího studia a odborné literatury. Tyto cvičné texty vám umožní soustředit se na odbornou anglickou terminologii a zvládnout tuto širokou oblast podstatně snáze a rychleji než při studiu velkého množství původních anglických textů.

Text obsahuje slovní zásobu a klíč ke všem cvičením, což vám doufám ulehčí práci při studiu.

Předmět Angličtina studovaného oboru je na PřF OU realizován ve třech částech - Angličtina studovaného oboru 1, 2 a 3 a tomu také odpovídá rozdělení studijní opory do třech oddílů které jsou dále rozděleny do kapitol. Orientační doba potřebná k prostudování je uvedena na počátku každé probírané kapitoly.

Hodně trpělivosti, vytrvalosti a především chuti do studia přeje

Autorka

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OBSAH

Initial test.....................................................................................................................10

1 PART 1.................................................................................12

1.1 Computer science..........................................................................................121.1.1 Computer science....................................................................................121.1.2 University of Ostrava.............................................................................151.1.3 Language work: The tense system......................................................161.1.4 Summary...................................................................................................181.1.5 Vocabulary................................................................................................191.1.6 Key.............................................................................................................19

1.2 Terminology of computers.........................................................................221.2.1 Introduction to the terminology of computers..................................221.2.2 Language work: Present Simple..........................................................241.2.3 Summary...................................................................................................261.2.4 Vocabulary................................................................................................261.2.5 Key.............................................................................................................27

1.3 Revision 1.........................................................................................................29

1.4 Assignment 1...................................................................................................30

1.5 Theory of computation................................................................................311.5.1 Reading: History of the theory of computation................................311.5.2 Language work: Present Simple Continuous....................................331.5.3 Summary...................................................................................................361.5.4 Vocabulary................................................................................................361.5.5 Key.............................................................................................................37

1.6 Assignment 2...................................................................................................39

1.7 Personal Computing History.....................................................................401.7.1 First computers........................................................................................401.7.2 Language work: Past Simple................................................................431.7.3 Summary...................................................................................................441.7.4 Vocabulary................................................................................................441.7.5 Key.............................................................................................................45

1.8 Revision 2.........................................................................................................46

1.9 Computer architecture................................................................................491.9.1 Numbers....................................................................................................491.9.2 Reading: Von Neumann architecture.................................................511.9.3 Language work: Possessive ’s: forms and grammar.......................521.9.4 Different types of computers................................................................53

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1.9.5 Summary...................................................................................................541.9.6 Vocabulary................................................................................................551.9.7 Key.............................................................................................................56

1.10 Revision 3.....................................................................................................57

1.11 Assignment 3...............................................................................................58

2 PART 2.................................................................................59

2.1 Portable Systems...........................................................................................592.1.1 Reading: History.....................................................................................592.1.2 Language work: Comparative and superlative adjectives.............602.1.3 PDAs..........................................................................................................612.1.4 Parts of a notebook.................................................................................622.1.5 Summary...................................................................................................622.1.6 Vocabulary................................................................................................622.1.7 Key.............................................................................................................63

2.2 Assignment 1...................................................................................................63

2.3 Input devices...................................................................................................642.3.1 Different kinds of input devices...........................................................642.3.2 Language work: Function......................................................................652.3.3 Language work: The passive................................................................662.3.4 Reading: Cleaning Your Mouse..........................................................672.3.5 Summary...................................................................................................682.3.6 Vocabulary................................................................................................692.3.7 Key.............................................................................................................69

2.4 Revision 1.........................................................................................................71

2.5 Keyboard.........................................................................................................722.5.1 Reading: Types of Keyboards..............................................................722.5.2 Language work: Past Simple and Present Perfect...........................752.5.3 Inside the Keyboard................................................................................772.5.4 Summary...................................................................................................792.5.5 Vocabulary................................................................................................802.5.6 Key.............................................................................................................80

2.6 Revision 2.........................................................................................................82

2.7 Assignment 2...................................................................................................83

2.8 Output devices................................................................................................842.8.1 Output devices: definition.....................................................................842.8.2 Reading: How to read a monitor ad....................................................852.8.3 Printers.......................................................................................................862.8.4 Language work: Present Perfect Continuous....................................872.8.5 Summary...................................................................................................88

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2.8.6 Vocabulary................................................................................................892.8.7 Key.............................................................................................................90

2.9 Revision 3.........................................................................................................91

Time 1 hour.................................................................................................................91

2.10 Storage devices...........................................................................................932.10.1 Reading: Hard disk.............................................................................932.10.2 CD and DVD........................................................................................942.10.3 A Flash Disk.........................................................................................942.10.4 Modal verbs: ability, possibility, and permission........................952.10.5 Modal verbs: obligation and necessity...........................................962.10.6 Summary...............................................................................................972.10.7 Vocabulary............................................................................................982.10.8 Key.........................................................................................................98

2.11 Healthy computing.................................................................................1002.11.1 A typical workstation.......................................................................1002.11.2 Reading: "Healthy Computing Guide".........................................1012.11.3 Giving advice and suggestions.......................................................1022.11.4 Summary.............................................................................................1042.11.5 Vocabulary..........................................................................................1042.11.6 Key.......................................................................................................105

2.12 Assignment 3.............................................................................................105

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1.1 Initial testTime 1 hourThe following exercises test your knowledge of English in areas that you should be familiar with. This does not mean that you must get all the answers right in order to study this course. Let your mistakes show you the things that you need to revise.

In each sentences ONLY ONE of the four answers (A, B, C, or D) is correct.1 There ___________________ a swimming pool in this town.A doesn’t have B hasn’t C isn’t D aren’t

2 I left school ___________________.A ago five years B five years ago C last five years D five years last

3 John ___________________ tennis once or twice a week.A is playing usually B is usually playing C usually plays D plays usually

4 Tom ________________his hand when he was cooking the dinner.A was burnt B was burning C has burnt D burnt

5 We’re good friends. We ______________ each other for a long time. A have been knowing B have known C know D knew

6 The Chinese ________________printing.A invented B have invented C had invented D invent

7 ___________________ a car when they were living in London?A Have they had B Did they have C Were they having D Had they

8 Hurry up! If we ___________________ hurry, we’ll be late.A will not B won’t C not D don’t

9 I'm not tired enough to go to bed yet. I wouldn't sleep if I _________ to bed now.

A go B went C had gone D would go

10 If I were you, I _______________ that coat. It's much too expensive.A will to buy B wouldn't buy C won't buy D don't buy

11 We ___________________ by a loud noise during the night.A were waking up B are woken up C were woken up D woke up

12 ‘Where ___________________ born?’ ‘In London.’A have you been B are you C were you D was you 13 Hello, Jim. I didn't expect to see you today. Sonia said you _____ ill. A are B were C was D should be

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14 ‘What time will you arrive?’ ‘I don't know. It depends __ the traffic.’ A of B for C from D on

15 A friend of mine phoned ___________________me to a party. A for invite B to invite C for inviting D for to invite

16 She works six days ___________________week. A in B for C a D the

17 The exam was quite easy - ___________________we expected.A more easy that B more easy than C easier than D easier as

18 The film was really boring. It was ________________I've ever seen.A most boring film B the more boring film C the film more boring D the most boring film

19 ___________________a long time for the bus.A Always we have wait B We always have to wait C We have always to wait D We have to wait always

20 Tom's away at the moment. He's _______________holiday in France. A at B on C in D for

21 I'm not very good ___________________repairing things. A at B for C in D about

22 They’ll tell you all you want to know. They’ll give you __________.A a lot of informations B many informationsC a lot of information D many information

23 He ___________________ to find a job but he had no luck.A tried hard B tried hardly C hardly tried

24 Alice doesn’t enjoy her job. She’s ______ because she does the same thing every day.

A boring B bored25 The sun ___________________ round the earth.A goes B is going

Solution:1C, 2B, 3C, 4C, 5B, 6A, 7B, 8D, 9B, 10B, 11C, 12C, 13B, 14D, 15B, 16C, 17C, 18D, 19B, 20B, 21A, 22C, 23A, 24B, 25A.

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2 Part 12.1 Computer scienceObjectives By the end of this part you should be able to: use basic terms in computing science; talk about your university study; recognize different tenses.You should be better at reading for specific purpose.

Key words: computation, computer, computer science, computer science department, hardware, information processing, scientist, software.

2.1.1 Computer scienceTime 2 hoursTry to answer these questions:1 What does the term ”Computing” mean?2 What do computer scientists study?

Task 1Before reading the text below, match these words and phrases with their definitions.

1 an algorithm 2 computation3 software 4 hardware5 processing

a finding a solution to a problem from given inputs by means of an algorithm

b the performing of arithmetic or logical operations on information which has been input to a computer

c a comprehensive term for all of the physical parts of a computer d the programs and data used in a computere a set of precise rules or instructions for solving a problem

Now read the textComputer science is a very new field and among the youngest sciences. As a consequence, it has typical modern characteristics: it is interdisciplinary and very close related to technology. It suffers from a lack of its own scientific traditions at the same time as it undergoes a tremendously dynamic development.In its most general sense, computer science (CS or compsci) is the study of computation and information processing, both in hardware and in software. In practice, computer science includes a variety of topics relating to computers, which range from the abstract analysis of algorithms, formal grammars, etc. to more definite subjects like programming languages, software, and computer hardware. As a scientific discipline, it differs

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significantly from mathematics, programming, software engineering, and computer engineering, although these fields are often confused. Edsger Dijkstra is quoted as saying "Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes." The renowned physicist Richard Feynman said: "Computer science is not as old as physics; it lags by a couple of hundred years. However, this does not mean that there is significantly less on the computer scientist's plate than on the physicist's: younger it may be, but it has had a far more intense upbringing!" The Church-Turing thesis states that all known kinds of general computing devices are essentially equivalent in what they can do, although they vary in time and space efficiency. This thesis is the fundamental principle of computer science. Most research in computer science has been related to von Neumann computers or Turing machines. Computer scientists study what programs can and cannot do, how programs should efficiently perform specific tasks, how programs should store and retrieve specific kinds of information, and how programs and people should communicate with each other. Computer science has roots in electrical engineering, mathematics and linguistics. Since the last third of the 20th century computer science has become recognized as a distinct discipline and has developed its own methods and terminology. The first computer science department in the United States was founded at Purdue University in 1962. The University of Cambridge in England, among others, taught CS prior to this, however at the time, CS was seen as a branch of mathematics, and not a separate department. Cambridge claims to have the world's oldest taught qualification in computing. Most universities today have specific departments devoted to computer science. The highest honour in computer science is the Turing Award.The award recipients and the field in which they earned the recognition are listed at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_Award. In 2003 Alan Kay was awarded this price for object-oriented programming.

Adapted fromhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/computer_science

Task 2Match these expressions from the text with their synonyms:1 distinct a substantially2 intense b cited3 prior to c famous4 quoted d intensive5 renowned f recover6 retrieve g different7 significantly h previous to

Task 3Match these expressions with terms with opposite meaning:1 consequence a indefinite

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2 last b premise3 oldest c first4 parallel d divergent5 specific e the most modern

Task 4 Fill in the wordsdiscipline person adjectivephysics physical mathematician mathematicalastronomy

scientists scientificprogrammer

Task 5Answer these questions:1 What did Edsger Dijkstra say about computer science?2 Is computer science as old as physics?3 What is the fundamental principle of computer science?4 What does the Church-Turing thesis state?5 When and where was the first computer science department founded?

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2.1.2 University of OstravaTime 2 hours

Key words: University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science, Department of Computer Science, Bachelor/Master study programme, academic year, semester, graduation ceremony, rector, dean.

Can you answer these questions?1 Where can you study computer science in the Czech Republic?2 What do you know about the University of Ostrava?

University of Ostrava was established in 1991 but the conditions for its establishment had already been forming in previous years. Former Pedagogical Faculty became a base for the creating University of Ostrava. The Faculty concentrated on preparation of the teachers for basic and secondary schools most of all. We date the beginning of this Faculty to 1953, when the Higher Pedagogical School (HPS) was opened in Opava. In 1959 the HPS was transferred to Pedagogical Institute in Ostrava. The study programme was extended to four years. In 1964, former Pedagogical Institute was granted the status of an independent Pedagogical Faculty. The head of the Faculty was a Dean with the rights of Rector. Today University of Ostrava consists of four faculties - Philosophical, Pedagogical, Medico-Social Faculty and Faculty of Science and three university institutes: Institute for Research and Application of Fuzzy Modelling, Institute for Regional Studies and Institute for Arts Studies. Students entering the University of Ostrava are graduates of either grammar schools or technical schools, and are admitted to studies after successfully passing the entrance examination.The education programme is divided into Academic Years, each year being divided into two semesters, with the main vacation in July and August. All studies proceed on the basis of a curriculum of studies. At the end of each semester every student must pass several examinations and obtain a certain number of credits.After passing their Final State Examinations and after the defence of their diploma theses the students of the University of Ostrava complete their studies by a graduation ceremony.

Try to answer these questions. 1 Who has been the University of Ostrava Rector since 1st March 2004?2 How many departments are there at the Faculty of science?3 What are their names?4 What can you study at the Department of Computer Science at the

University of Ostrava?You can find more information about the University of Ostrava at http://www.osu.cz/ang/

1 Doc. RNDr. Baar Vladimír, CSc has been the University of Ostrava Rector since 1st March 2004.

2 There are 7 departments.

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3 Departments of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Biology and Ecology, Social Geography and Regional Development, Physical Geography and Geoecology.

4 Branches of study at the Department of computer science Bachelor Study Programme - Applied Informatics Master Study Programme - Informatics (Information Systems,

Mathematical Informatics)

2.1.3 Language work: The tense system

Task 6

Complete the tense chartUse the verb work for the active and mend for the passive in the third person singular.Notice that not all continuous tenses are included. They are rare because they are so long.

The tense systemActive Passive

Simple Continuous Simple ContinuousPresentPastFuture xxxxxxxxxxPresent Perfect xxxxxxxxxxPast Perfect xxxxxxxxxxFuture Perfect xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxThe emphasis is on recognition rather than production. Some of the tenses are dealt with in more depth in later units.

Task 7Complete the following sentences.Continuous tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb ______ + the ______ participle.Perfect tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb ______ + the ______ participle.Passive tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb ______ + the ______ participle.

Task 8Look at the following sentences. There are verbs in italics. What tense are they?1 Computer scientists study what programs can and cannot do.2 Since the last third of the 20th century computer science has become

recognized as a distinct discipline.3 The first computer science department in the United States was founded

at Purdue University in 1962.4 The scanner is being calibrated.

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5 University of Ostrava was established in 1991 but the conditions for its establishment had already been forming in previous years.

6 The education programme is divided into Academic Years.7 Most research in computer science has been related to von Neumann

computers or Turing machines.

Now here are some more useful words and phrases connected with university study. It is not necessary to learn them all but perhaps you will find some of them useful and you will memorize them:

Written work for courses, etc.word description

composition could be just 50 – 100 words

essay longer than a composition, more serious, hundreds or even thousands of words

assignment a long essay, often part of a course, usually thousands of words

project like an assignment, but emphasis on student’s own material and topic

portfolio a collection of individual pieces of work, not necessarily written

dissertation a long, research based work, perhaps 10-15,000 words, for a degree or diploma

thesis a very long, original, research based work, perhaps 80-100,000 words for a higher degree (e.g. PhD)

Study and examsBefore an exam you can revise cram for it. Some things can be memorized or learned off by heart. But rote learning is not sufficient for most subjects. It is also possible to use mnemonics. But tricks alone are not enough, and the best idea is to bury yourself in your books until you know the subject inside out. You will learn more effectively if you revise the units you study a week after you first worked on the unit and then again after a month.cram for an examination biflovat / šprtat na zkouškuHe knows it inside out. Zná to i pozadu.inside out i pozadu, nazpaměťlearn by heart naučit se nazpaměťmnemonics [ni’moniks] mnemotechnikarote learning bezmyšlenkovité učení, mechanické memorování

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Task 9

Solve the crossword puzzle using the clues below.Across

1 K234567 D89

101112131415 -16 W1718

1 -2 Tricks that help you remember something (M)3 The study of computers and their use – (C)__________ science4 The physical components of a computer system (H)5 To begin or start; found; create (E)6 The inner or closed surface of something (I)7 -8 A set of precise rules or instructions for solving a problem (A)9 Learning purely by repetition – (R)__________ learning10 -11 Not alike; different (D)12 Having to do with science (adj.) (S)13 -14 A collection of individual pieces of work, not necessarily written (P)15 The programs and data used in a computer (C – S) 16 -17 A search for knowledge (R) 18 To be like or look like (R)2.1.4 SummaryComputer science is the study of computers, including their design (architecture) and their uses for computations, data processing, and systems control. Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines, including artificial intelligence and software engineering. Most universities now offer bachelor, master, and doctorate degrees in computer science.

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University of Ostrava Ostravská univerzitaFaculty of Science Přírodovědecká fakultaDepartment of Computer Science Katedra informatiky a počítačů

2.1.5 Vocabularyalgorithm algoritmuscomputation výpočetcomputer science věda o počítačíchcomputer software programové vybavenídistinct jasně odlišenýestablish založithardware technické vybavení počítačeinformation processing zpracování informacíperform vykonávat, provádětresearch výzkum, bádáníresemble podobat seretrieve vyhledávat (informace)scientific discipline vědní disciplinasignificantly významně, podstatněsuffer být v nevýhodě, trpěttopic témadean děkanrector rektorexamination zkouškaan examination room zkušební místnostenter name for an examination přihlásit se na zkouškuentrance examination přijímací zkouškaexam in English language zkouška z anglického jazykaoral exam ústní zkouškawritten exam písemná zkouškapass examinations udělat zkouškystudy for an exam učit se na zkouškufail an exam neudělat zkouškuI have to revise for the examination. Musím si opakovat na zkoušku.The examination took place last week. Zkouška proběhla minulý týden.take an exam / sit for an exam dělat zkouškufinals závěrečné zkoušky

2.1.6 KeyTask 11 - e, 2 - a, 3 - d, 4 - c, 5 – b

Task 2 Synonyms are words with the same or nearly the same meaning.1 distinct g different2 intense d intensive3 prior to h previous to4 quoted b cited 5 renowned c famous

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6 retrieve f recover7 significantly a substantially

Task 31 consequence bpremise2 last c first 3 oldest e the most modern4 parallel ddivergent5 specific a indefiniteTask 4 discipline person adjectivephysics physicist physicalmathematics mathematician mathematicalastronomy astronomer astronomicalscience scientists scientificprogramming programmer programmable

Task 51 He said: "Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy

is about telescopes." 2 No, it isn’t.3 The Church-Turing thesis is a fundamental principle of computer science.4 Church-Turing thesis states that all known kinds of general computing

devices are essentially equivalent in what they can do, although they vary in time and space efficiency.

5 The first computer science department in the United States was founded at Purdue University in 1962.

Task 6The tense system

Činný rodProstý Průběhový

Přítomný works is workingMinulý worked was workingBudoucí will work will be workingPředpřítomný has worked has been workingPředminulý had worked had been workingPředbudoucí will have worked xxxxxxxxxx

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Trpný rodProstý Průběhový

Přítomný is mended is being mendedMinulý was mended was being mendedBudoucí will be mended xxxxxxxxxxPředpřítomný has been mended xxxxxxxxxxPředminulý had been mended xxxxxxxxxxPředbudoucí will have been mended xxxxxxxxxx

Task 7Complete the following sentences.Continuous tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb to be + the present participle. be + -ingPerfect tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb to have + the past participle. have/has + (-ed, 3.tvar)Passive tenses are formed with the auxiliary verb to be + the past participle. be + (-ed, 3.tvar) Task 81 Present simple active2 Present perfect active3 Past simple passive4 Present continuous passive5 Past perfect continuous active6 Present simple passive7 Present perfect simple passive

Task 91 K2 M N E M O N I C S3 C O M P U T E R4 H A R D W A R E5 E S T A B L I S H6 I N S I D E7 D8 A L G O R I T H M9 R O T E1011 D I S T I N C T12 S C I E N T I F I C1314 P O R T F O L I O15 C O M P U T E R S O F T W A R E16 W17 R E S E A R C H18 R E S E M B L E

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2.2 Terminology of computersTime 2 hours

ObjectivesBy the end of this part you should understand and be able to use: basic computer terminology; Present simple tense; questions in Present simple; adverbs of frequency.

Key words: bit, byte, analog / digital / hybrid computer, microcomputer, minicomputer, mainframe computer, performance, operation mode, application field, computer counterparts.Present simple tense.

2.2.1 Introduction to the terminology of computers

Task 1Try to answer these questions.1 When did you first get a computer?2 What kind of computer was it? 3 How much did it cost?4 Are you still using your first computer?5 What do you use a computer for?

Task 2Before reading the text, match these words with their definitions:1 analog 2 bit3 byte 4 digital5 hybrid computer a a small unit of storage capacity. One of the eight binary digits that make

up a byteb unit of storage capacity. It is made up of eight bits and stores one

characterc a computer that processes both analog and digital datad describing a smoothly varying signal that has no discontinuitiese an electronic system that has only two states, e.g. off or on

Task 3Classification of ComputersRead the text and fill in the verbs in the correct form.consist / control / discuss / keep / perform / process / process / speak / translate In general it is possible to say that the computer is a general-purpose machine that can be programmed to process data in a variety of ways. The automatic function of computer results from the fact that it _________1 the

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needed algorithm in its own memory. Unlike the first computers that were intended mainly to perform a numerical and scientific calculation today’s computers play a far more universal role; for example they _________2 one language to another (this regards not only programming languages), they _________3 texts, graphics, they _________4 manufacture processes, _________5 communication, etc. Here is no place to _________6 all the computer types that have appeared during their existence, but we will _________7 at least about digital computers and analog computers that are based on quite different principles. The essential difference between these two types _________8 in the way they represent information to be processed. A digital computer _________9 strings of bits, bytes or words, while an analog computer processes continuously varying input values. Combined analog-and-digital computers are hybrid computer systems. Hybrid computers used to be designed with the aim to put together the advantages of both above-mentioned types: the high speed of parallel analog computers with the control and decision capacity of digital computers.Many different factors (theoretically unlimited computation precision, low cost of the mass produced digital circuits, quite universal application, etc.) have led to the fact that it is the digital computers that prevail nearly in all areas of computer applications today.

Digital computers may be classified in various ways, for example according to their generations, i.e. according to their architecture and components. - 1st generation – electronic tubes (1940 – 1955)- 2nd generation –transistors (1955 – 1965)- 3rd generation – large scale integration (LSI) circuits (1965 – 1980)- 4th generation –very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits (1980 up to

now)- 5th generation – artificial intelligence (AI) systems (also called cognitive

informatics) and neural computers.

Some of the other criteria often used to characterize individual types and / or configurations are:- computer size, performance and throughput;- operation mode, e.g. real-time processing in online mode vs. batch

processing in offline mode, or serial processing of data vs. parallel processing of data (also know as multiprocessing);

- application fields, e.g. general-purpose computers vs. special-purpose computers;

- various computer counterparts, for example one master computers vs. one or more slave computers, or a host computer vs. a satellite computer.

Task 4Answer these questions about the text.1 What is the general function of computers?2 What is the difference between digital and analog computers?3 What does the term hybrid computer mean?

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4 Why do digital computers prevail nearly in all areas of computer applications today?

5 How can we classify digital computers?

2.2.2 Language work: Present Simple Read the examples. Positive They translate one language to another.Negative They do not translate one language to another.Positive It keeps the algorithm in its memory.Negative It does not keep the algorithm in its memory.Questions AnswersDo you know how to type well? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.Does he speak English? Yes, he does. /No, he doesn’t.

Frequency adverbs0% never rarely sometimes often usually always 100%

Read these examplesI’m always busy. They never visit us. We often drive to work.He isn’t usually late. I don’t always get up early. They’re never on time.

RuleWe use the Present simple to talk about long-term situations and routine activities.I/you/we/they To make the positive, use the infinitive form. To make the negative, use do not (don’t) + infinitive. To make the question, use Do + I/you/we/they + infinitive.he/she/it The positive form always ends in -s To make the negative, use does not (doesn’t) + infinitive. To make the question, use Does + he/she/it + infinitive. How do we make short answers in the Present Simple? To make short answers in present simple we use:Yes, I /you/we/they do. No, I /you/we/they don’t.Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn’t.We write words like always/usually/never after the verb to be but before other verbs.

But:Compare these sentences:

Tom learns English. Tom learns English.What does Tom learn? Who learns English?We do not use do/does in questions if who/what/which is the subject (podmět) of the sentence.Read [Angličtina pro samouky p. 170]

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Task 5PracticeComplete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.Part one 1……….. (begin) an introduction to the development of the original IBM PC and PC-compatibles.Part two 2……….. (provide) information about the different types of systems you 3……….. (encounter) and what 4……….. (separate) one type of system from another, including the types of system buses which 5……….. (differentiate) systems.Part three 6……….. (discuss) the inspection of the components of a PC system, the physical disassembly and reassembly of a system, and the tools you 7……….. (need) for maintenance.The competition among manufacturers and vendors of PC-compatible systems is the reason why such systems 8……….. (offer) so much performance and so many capabilities for the money.The IBM-compatible market 9……….. (continue) to thrive and prosper. New technology 10……….. (continue) to be integrated into these systems, enabling them to grow with the times.

Task 6Rewrite the sentences adding frequency adverbs to make true sentences. 1 I get up before 6 a.m.2 I drive to work.3 I am late.4 I use a computer at work.5 I speak English to my colleagues.

Task 7Write questions for these answers. Use the question word in brackets.ExampleComputers process texts. (What?) What do computers process?1 Computers control manufacture processes. (What?)2 The digital computers prevail nearly in all areas of computer

applications. (Where?)3 This device accepts data. (What?)4 We classify digital computers in various ways. (How?)5 Hybrid computers put together the advantages of both above-mentioned

types. (What?)

Task 8Make sentences from the words in brackets.1 a computer / freezes / occasionally 2 a memory / is / it / problem / usually 3 are / network / problems / sometimes / the / there / with 4 email / often / people / send 5 old / they / printer / use / seldom / the

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2.2.3 SummaryComputer: is 1. a device that accepts data, processes it in accordance with a stored program, generates results, and usually consists of input, output, storage, arithmetic, logic, and control units. 2. a functional unit that can perform computation, including numerous arithmetic or logic operations.Computers in general fall into two main classes: digital computers and analog computers, according to the kind of data they process. Combined analog-and-digital computers are hybrid computer systems. Digital computers may be classified in various ways, for example according to their generations, i.e. according to their architecture and components.

Present simplePositive NegativeI/You/We/They work. I/You/We/They don’t (do not) work.He/She/It works. He/She/It doesn’t (does not) work.

Question AnswerDo you work? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Does he work? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.Use ExamplesLong-term situations He lives in Prague.Habits and routines How often do you go abroad?Feeling and opinions I don’t like snakes.Facts It rains a lot in the spring.Timetable and programmes. The train arrives at 8:25.

2.2.4 Vocabularyanalog computer analogový počítačapplication field oblast využití, oblast aplikaceartificial intelligence (AI) umělá inteligencebusiness/ commercial computer kancelářský počítač cognitive informatics kognitivní/ znalostní informatikacomponent součástkacomputer counterpart protějšek počítače, tj účastnický počítač ve

vztahu k jinému počítači v hierarchickém systému

configuration konfigurace, sestavaconsumer electronics spotřební elektronikageneral-purpose/multipurpose universální počítačcomputercentral/host computer hlavní/hostitelský počítačhybrid computer system hybridní počítačová soustavalarge scale integration circuit, LSI obvod velké integrace, LSI obvodmaster computer hlavní počítačmainframe střediskový počítačneural computer neuronový počítačonline mode spřažený provoz/režim

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operation mode operační režimperformance (of a computer) výkon (počítače)satellite computer satelitní počítač (zde ve smyslu pomocný,

předřazený, vedlejší)slave computer podřízený/vedlejší počítačspecial-purpose computer specializovaný počítačdedicated computer jednoúčelový počítačproblem-oriented computer problémově orientovaný počítačstring of bits řetězec bitůthroughput propustnost počítače, míra množství

práce za časovou jednotkuvs. = versus [v3:ss] oproti

2.2.5 KeyTask 21 – d, 2 – a, 3 – b, 4 – c

Task 31 keeps, 2 translate, 3 process, 4 control, 5 perform, 6 discuss, 7 speak, 8 consists, 9 processes

Task 41 The general function of computer is to process data in a variety of ways.2 The essential difference between these two types consists in the way

they represent information to be processed.3 Hybrid computers put together the advantages of both types: the high

speed of parallel analog computers with the control and decision capacity of digital computers.

4 Many different factors have led to the fact that it is the digital computers that prevail nearly in all areas of computer applications today. (Theoretically unlimited computation precision, low cost of the mass-produced digital circuits, quite universal application, etc.)

5 Digital computers may be classified in various ways, for example according to their generations.

Task 51begins, 2 provides, 3 encounter, 4 separates, 5 differentiate, 6 discusses, 7 need, 8 offer, 9 continues, 10 continues

Task 6Possible answers.1 I often get up before 6 a.m.2 I never drive to work.3 I am never late.4 I always use a computer at work.5 I sometimes speak English to colleagues.

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Task 71 What do computers control?2 Where do the digital computers prevail?3 What does this device accept?4 How do we classify digital computers?5 What do hybrid computers put together?

Task 81 A computer occasionally freezes.2 It is usually a memory problem. 3 There are sometimes problems with the network.4 People often send email.5 They seldom use the old printer.

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2.3 Revision 1Time 1 hour

1 Complete the text. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple.Sanjit Ray 1_________(work) for a computer company in Los Angeles, California. He 2__________ (write) computer programs. But he 3__________ (not go) to Los Angeles every day. In fact, he 4__________ (not live) in the USA. He 5__________ (live) in India. Sanjit: ‘Every day I 6__________ (take) the bus into Bombay and I 7__________ (go) to an office there. The computer company 8__________(send) information to me by e-mail. I 9__________ (work) on the information on a computer and then I 10__________(send) the program back to California.'The computer company 11__________(not do) the work in the USA because it 12__________(cost) less to do it in India. Salaries there are low. Also, India is twelve hours ahead of California. So the computer company 13__________ (send) information at the end of the day and Sanjit 14__________(work) on it when it's night time in the USA. When he 15__________(send) the programs back, they 16__________(arrive) in California before the computer company 17__________(start) in the morning.

2 Complete the sentences about Sanjit. Use the verbs in brackets.1 Sanjit 1__________ in the USA. He2__________ in India. (live)2 He 3__________ for an Indian company. He 4__________ for an

American company (work)3 He 5__________ to Los Angeles. He 6__________ to an office in

Bombay. (go)4 He 7__________ to work by car. He 8__________ by bus. (travel)5 It 9__________ more to do the work in India. It 10__________ less.

(cost)6 The computer company 11__________ the information by letter. It

12__________ it by e-mail. (send)

3 Here is an interview with Sanjit. Complete the questions. Use these verbs. (Some are used more than once.)work / live / do / go / send / cost / enjoy Interviewer What 1__________? Sanjit I work for a computer company in California.Interviewer 2__________ in the USA? Sanjit No, I don’t.Interviewer Where 3__________? Sanjit In India. The computer company sends information to me

every day.Interviewer How 4__________ the information? Sanjit By e-mail.Interviewer And what 5__________ with the information?

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Sanjit I work on it on my computer and I send the programs back to California.

Interviewer 6__________ at home? Sanjit No, I don't. I go to an office in Bombay.Interviewer 7__________ there every day?Sanjit Yes, I do.Interviewer Why 8__________ the work to India?Sanjit Well, I can work on it when it's night time in the USA.Interviewer 9__________ a lot of money to send the work to India and

back? Sanjit No, it doesn't, because wages are low in India.Interviewer 10__________ your job? Sanjit Yes, I do. It’s very interesting.

2.4 Assignment 1Time 2 hoursWrite a short essay (about 120 words) about your work and study.Describe your job. Try to answer these questions:Where do you work?What are you responsible for?How do you use your computer at work and outside work?How often do you use English at work or in your leisure time?

Explain where you are studying (university, faculty, department), what you are studying (discipline), and reasons for your choice.

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2.5 Theory of computationTime 2 hoursObjectivesBy the end of this unit you should: understand the difference between the present simple and continuous

tenses; be better at using present simple and continuous tenses; improve your reading abilities; be able to write about IT courses.

Key words: Input, solving a problem, researcher, Turing machine, Church-Turing thesis, rule.Timetable, information technology (IT), communications, numeracy, system analysis, programming.Present continuous tense.

2.5.1 Reading: History of the theory of computation

Task 1Before reading the text below, match these words and phrases with their definitions.1 approach a a small board used for writing on with chalk2 chalk b any letter, figure, or symbol used in writing or printing3 slate c white or coloured, used for writing or drawing4 character d a rectangle with four equal sides5 square e a manner or method of doing something

Task 2Find the answers to these questions in the following text.1 When did the theory of computation begin?2 What were mathematicians trying to find at that time?3 What did the mathematicians need?4 Name some computational models mentioned in the text.5 What does computability theory investigate?

Computation can be defined as finding a solution to a problem from given inputs by means of an algorithm. This is what the theory of computation, a sub field of computer science and mathematics, deals with. For thousands of years, computing was done with a pen and paper, or a chalk and a slate, or mentally, sometimes with the aid of tables. The theory of computation began early in the twentieth century, before modern electronic computers had been invented. At that time, mathematicians were trying to find which math problems can be solved by simple methods and which cannot. The first step was to define what they meant by a "simple method" for solving a problem. In other words, they needed a formal model of computation. Several different computational models were devised by these early researchers. One model, the Turing machine, stores characters on an

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infinitely long tape, with one square at any given time being scanned by a read/write head. Another model, recursive functions, uses functions and function composition to operate on numbers. Still others, including Markov algorithms and Post systems, use grammar-like rules to operate on strings. All of these formalisms were shown to be equivalent in computational power -- that is, any computation that can be performed with one can be performed with any of the others. Indeed, it is widely believed that all "proper" formalizations of the concept of algorithm will be equivalent in power to Turing machines; this is known as the Church-Turing thesis. In general, questions of what can be computed by various machines are investigated in computability theory. The theory of computation studies these models of general computation, along with the limits of computing: Which problems are (provably) unsolvable by a computer? Which problems are solvable by a computer, but require such an enormously long time to compute that the solution is impractical? Can it be harder to solve a problem than to check a given solution? In general, questions concerning the time or space requirements of given problems are investigated in complexity theory. Adapted form http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia

Task 3Re-read the text and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information in the text. If you feel a statement is false, change it to make it true.1 Mathematics is a subfield of theory of computation.2 The theory of computation began at the end of the twentieth century,

after modern electronic computers had been invented.3 Mathematicians needed a formal model of computation.4 Questions of what can be computed by various machines are investigated

in computability theory.

Task 4Match the terms in Table A with the statements in Table B.Table A1 Complexity theory2 Computability theory 3 Markov algorithms and Post systems4 Recursive functions 5 Turing machine

Table Ba investigates questions of what can be computed by various machines.b use grammar-like rules to operate on strings.c stores characters on an infinitely long tape, with one square at any given

time being scanned by a read/write head.d uses functions and function composition to operate on numbers.

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e investigates questions concerning the time or space requirements of given problems.

Task 5Match these expressions from the text with their explanations or synonyms:1 approach a conventional2 formal b deal with3 simple c explain4 solve d phase5 step e understandable

2.5.2 Language work: Present Simple Continuous

In this part you will read an interview with Linsey, a student of Information Technology at a Scottish college of further education.

Task 1Study this description of Lynsey’s course. Answer these questions.a What is the course called?b How long does it last?c What do you think the subject ‘Numeracy’ is about?

GSVQ Level 3 in Information Technology

Length of course One year full-time starting in AugustYou undertake core modules in: Computer hardware: operation and maintenance Computer software Information systems Introduction to computer networks Information technology in business and industry Introduction to programming Information technology NumeracyYou also select optional units from: Accounting Programming Mathematics System analysisNow read the part of the interview.I = interviewer, S = studentI: Tell me first of all about the course. What’s the course called?S: Information Technology 3.I: How long does the course last? S: A year.I: Tell me about the timetable for your course.S: Well, on Monday I’ve got Communications 4. It lasts for two hours. Then

it’s numeracy 3.I: Numeracy, that’s some kind of maths?

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S: Yes, but it’s more logic. Problem solving.I: What do you have on Tuesday?S: Programming. We study computer languages like Pascal.I: And what do you have in the afternoon?S: I’m sure it’s hardware. No, it’s software. Computer software. I: Do you have a class on Tuesday afternoon?S: No, and nothing on Wednesday. I usually stay at home and learn French.

But today I am not learning French, I am at school and I’m working on my report. I’m writing about problems in communication. And tomorrow we are visiting the Royal Bank… to see how they use computers.

Present continuousRead the examples and the grammar rules.Positive I’m working on my report. Tomorrow we are visiting the Royal Bank.Negative Today I’m not learning French. Question Short answer Are you studying French? Yes, I am. /No, I’m not.Use the Present continuous to talk about current activities; fixed future arrangements; changes.To make the Present continuous use am/is/are + -ing form of the verb.Some verbs are not normally used in continuous forms:be, believe, belong, care, concern, consider (uvažovat), consist, contain, cost, depend, deserve, desire, dislike, doubt, equal, find, fit, feel, forget, guess, hate, have, hear, hope, imagine, include, intend, involve, know, lack, like, love, matter, mean, mind, need, notice, obtain, owe, own, possess, prefer, realize, receive, recognize, refuse, regard, remember, remain, require, resemble, satisfy, see, seem, smell, suppose, taste, trust, think (domnívat se), understand, want, wish, wonder

I am studying a six-month computer course.You are studying for university exams.He is preparing for an important business trip.We are learning English.Now compare these sentences:

Present continuous Present simple What are you doing? What do you do?I’m reading a book. I’m a web designer.

I am doing I do

Past now future past now future

We use continuous for something happening at or around the time of speaking; for a temporary situation.

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We use present simple for things in general or things that happen repeatedly; for a permanent situation.

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?Water boils at 100 °C.

Listen to those people. What language are they speaking?Excuse me, do you speak English?

Let’s go out. It isn’t raining now.It doesn’t rain very much in summer.

Task 2Read this extract from the conference. Put the verbs into the present simple or the present continuous.Remarks by Bill Gates, Chairman and Chief Software Architect, Microsoft Corporation at 2004 International Consumer Electronics Show.Bill Gates: Well, it’s fantastic to be here at CES and see all the energy around the advances taking place. It’s really phenomenal the things that 1_____ (happen). You can just look at flatscreen TVs and say, wow, that 2_____ (improve) the TV-viewing experience. You can look at the rise of broadband, connecting up these devices to all the information in the world in a very rich and speedy way. You can look at digital cameras, digital video and say, that 3____ (become) mainstream. Every single one of these things is really fascinating and moving at an incredible speed.

One thing I 4_____ (love) about this is a period where the reality 5______(drive) the expectation. In the ‘90s people got ahead of themselves - the companies’ valuations, the way they thought all the pieces would come together, but now those things are really being delivered and they are being delivered through solid products that 6_____ (stand) the test of the marketplace, you 7_____(know), exactly which products are the best out there. It’s an incredibly competitive environment. It’s an environment where the big winner is the consumer buying these products.Adapted from http://www.microsoft.com/billgates/speeches/2004/

Task 3Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.1 I usually go to work by car.2 I must go now. It gets late.3 I am wanting to buy a scanner.4 Look! That man tries to open the door of your car.5 I’m seeing the manager tomorrow morning.

Task 4Study this description of a student’s first term. What questions might the interviewer have asked to obtain the information in italics?

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In my first term I am studying 61 subjects. I have classes on four days2 each week. On Monday morning I have IT and Information Systems3. Tuesday4 is a free day for home study. On Wednesday I have Systems Analysis in Room 3245. I study Computer Architecture6 on Thursdays. Programming7 is on Friday morning. Communication takes place once a week8 on Friday afternoon. I like Communication classes9 most. I have a 15-minute coffee break each day and a lunch break from 12:00 to 1:3010.

2.5.3 Summary

Computation can be defined as finding a solution to a problem from given inputs by means of an algorithm. The theory of computation studies these models of general computation, along with the limits of computing: Which problems are (provably) unsolvable by a computer? Which problems are solvable by a computer, but require such an

enormously long time to compute that the solution is impractical? Can it be harder to solve a problem than to check a given solution?

Present continuous tenseWe use the Present continuous to talk about current activities; fixed future arrangements; changes.To make the Present continuous use am/is/are + -ing form of the verb.

Positive subject + is/are +…ingNegative subject + is/are not + …ingQuestion is/are + subject + …ing2.5.4 Vocabularyaid pomoc, podporaapproach přístupcomposition skládánídeal with zabývat se (čím)devise vymyslit, navrhnoutchalk křídainfinitely ohromně, nekonečněinvestigate prozkoumatmentally duševně, v hlavěpower schopnostpretend představovat siprovably prokazatelněread head čtecí, snímací hlavarecursive rekurzivní, neomezeně opakovatelnýrequirement požadavek, podmínkarestricted omezenýslate břidlicová taška/tabulkasubfield podpoleunsolvable neřešitelnýwrite head záznamová hlava

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2.5.5 KeyTask 1: 1-e, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b, 5-d

Task 21 It began early in the twentieth century.2 They were trying to find which math problems can be solved by simple

methods and which cannot. 3 They needed a formal model of computation.4 Turing machine , recursive functions, Markov algorithms and Post

systems.5 Computability theory investigates questions of what can be computed by

various machines.

Task 31 F The theory of computation is a sub field of computer science and

mathematics.2 F The theory of computation began early in the twentieth century, before

modern electronic computers had been invented.3 T4 T

Task 41-e, 2-a, 3-b, 4-d, 5-c

Task 51b, 2a, 3e, 4c, 5d

Present simple continuousTask 1 1 GVQ (General Vocational Qualification) Level 3 in information

technology.2 One year.3 Numeracy = basic mathematics, problem-solving.

Task 21 are happening, 2 improves, 3 is becoming, 4 love, 5 is driving, 6 stand, 7know.

Task 31 Right: (happens repeatedly)2 Wrong: I must go now. It is getting late. (change)3 Wrong: I want …. (want is not normally used in continuous form)4 Wrong: Look! That man is trying …... (current activity)5 Right: I’m seeing the manager ….. (fixed future arrangements)

Task 4Possible answers:1 How many subjects are you studying in your first term?2 How many days each week do you have classes?3 What do you have on Monday morning?

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4 Which day is a free day for home study?5 Where do you have Systems Analysis on Wednesday?6 What do you study on Thursdays?7 When is Programming?8 How often does Communication take place?9 Which classes do you like most?10 When do you have your lunch break?

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2.6 Assignment 2Time 1 hour

Study this description of a computer course. Then write a description of your own computing course, or one of its components, in the same way.

Computer use and Applications

Aims:1 To introduce complete beginners to computer systems.2 To give a basic foundation in computer technology and to introduce

appropriate terminology.3 To give a description of the major components (hardware and software)

which make up a computer system. To show how computer systems are used in commerce and industry.

4 To give practical experience in using various systems.

Description:The course is in four parts.Part 1 Introduction to college computer science facilities, including how to access the computers, the Unix file store, using email, the editor and simple network commands.Part 2 The basic structure of computer hardware and systems software. Topics include compilers vs. interpreters and memory management.Part 3 Introduces some more advanced software tools, documentation tools and language processors. Part 4 Discusses various uses of computers including spreadsheets, databases, communications and impacts on society.

Staff:Dr Paul Ralph

Assessment:Three formal coursework assignments.

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2.7 Personal Computing HistoryTime 3 hours

Objectives By the end of this unit you should be: better at reading for specific information; able to understand abbreviations.

Key words: assemble, bit / binary digit, consider, enhance, evolve, chip, integrated circuit, kit, prevailing, respectively, responsible, semiconductor, switch, transistor, UNIX, vacuum tube, vendor.

2.7.1 First computers

Task 1Before reading the text, match these words with their definitions.

1 integrated circuit a/ are represented logically by 0 or 1 and electrically by 0 volts and (typically) 5 volts

2 to assemble b/ an electronic device that consists, typically, of a sealed glass bulb containing two or more electrodes

3 bit / binary digits c/ a semiconductor device that amplifies, oscillates, or switches the flow of current between two terminals by varying the current or voltage between one of the terminals and a third part

4 vacuum tube d/ a circuit of transistors, resistors, and capacitors constructed on a single semiconductor wafer or chip, in which the components are interconnected to perform a given function

5 transistor e/ to put together the parts

Task 2Read the text and answer these questions.1 Do you know why the tubes were inefficient as a switch? 2 When did Intel introduce a 1K-bit memory chip?3 When did IBM introduce its first personal computer? 4 How much did it cost?5 When did a new company called Apple Computer introduce the Apple

I?

A modern digital computer is largely a collection of electronic switches. These switches are used to represent, as well as to control, the routing of data elements called binary digits (or bits). Because of the on or off nature of the binary information and signal routing used by the computer, an efficient electronic switch was required. The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes as switches, and although the tubes worked, they had many problems.The conversion to transistors began the trend toward miniaturization. In 1959, engineers at Texas Instruments invented the integrated circuit (IC), a

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semiconductor circuit that contains more than one transistor on the same base and connects the transistors without wires. In 1969, Intel introduced a 1K-bit memory chip, which was much larger than anything else available at the time. The first microprocessor--the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor--was introduced in 1971. The chip operated on 4 bits of data at a time.

MITS introduced the Altair kit in a cover story in the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics magazine. The Altair kit, considered to be the first personal computer, included an 8080 processor, a power supply, a front panel with a large number of lights, and 256 bytes (not kilobytes) of memory. The kit

Altair kit sold for $395 and had to be assembled. The new processor inspired other companies to write programs, including the CP/M (Control Program for Microprocessors) operating system and the first version of the Microsoft BASIC programming language.IBM introduced what can be called its first personal computer in 1975. The system's $9,000 price placed it out of the mainstream personal computer marketplace, which was dominated by experimenters who built low-cost kits ($500 or so) as a hobby. The IBM system obviously was not in competition for this low-cost market and did not sell well.In 1976, a new company called Apple Computer introduced the Apple I. This system consisted of a main circuit board screwed to a piece of plywood. The Apple II, introduced in 1977, helped set the standard for nearly all the important microcomputers to follow, including the IBM PC.

Task 3Now read the following text and decide on a suitable title for it. At the end of 1980, IBM decided to truly compete in the rapidly growing low-cost personal computer market. The company established a small group of engineers and designers to develop the new system. The designers looked at the prevailing standards, learned from the success of those systems, and incorporated into the new PC all the features of the popular systems.IBM brought its system from idea to delivery in one year by using existing designs and purchasing as many components as possible from outside vendors. IBM contracted out the PC's languages and operating system to a small company named Microsoft. That decision would be the major factor in establishing Microsoft as the dominant force in PC software. On Wednesday, August 12, 1981, a new standard was established in the microcomputer industry with the debut of the IBM PC. Since then, hundreds of millions of PC-compatible systems have been sold as the original PC has grown into an enormous family of computers and peripherals. More software has been written for this computer family than for any other system on the market.

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IBM originated the PC-compatible standard, of course, and it continues to set standards that compatible systems follow, but the company does not dominate the PC market as it did originally. More often new standards in the PC industry were developed by companies and organizations other than IBM. Later it became Intel and Microsoft who were primarily responsible for developing and extending the PC hardware and software standards, respectively.There are literally hundreds of system manufacturers producing computers that are fully PC compatible, not to mention the thousands of peripheral manufacturers whose components expand and enhance PC-compatible systems. PC-compatible systems have thrived, not only because compatible hardware can be assembled easily, but also because the primary operating system was available not from IBM but from a third party (Microsoft). The core of the system software is the BIOS (Basic Input Output System). The fact that DOS borrowed the functionality and user interface from both CP/M and UNIX probably had a lot to do with the amount of software that became available. One of the reasons why Apple Macintosh systems never enjoyed the success of PC-compatibles is that Apple controlled all the software (BIOS and OS), and did not license any of it to other companies for use in compatible systems. It is fortunate for the computing public as a whole that IBM created a more open and extendible standard. The competition among manufacturers and vendors of PC-compatible systems is the reason why such systems offer so much performance and so many capabilities for the money.

The title could be: The Growing IBM-Compatible Marketplace

Task 4When you read the text to decide on a title, which of the following did you do?Did you1 read the text slowly and try to understand every word?2 read quickly and try to understand the main theme?3 underline or mark sentences that you thought were important?4 make notes about important points?Which of these reading strategies do you think is most appropriate for this kind of task?

Statement 2 is the most appropriate because the task only required you to understand the main topic of the text, not specific points or facts.Statement 1 would not be an appropriate strategy for the first reading, and Statements 3 and 4 are appropriate strategies for summarising.

Task 5Now read the text once more and answer these questions. 1 When did IBM establish a group of engineers and designers to develop

the new system? 2 What did the designers looked at? 3 How long did it take to realize the IBM idea?

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4 Who originated the PC-compatible standard? 5 Which two companies were primarily responsible for developing and

extending the PC hardware and software standards?

Task 6Are these sentences true or false?1 Integrated circuit contains more than one transistor on the same base and

connects the transistors without wires.2 IBM introduced what can be called its first personal computer in 1975. 3 The MITS Altair originated the PC-compatible standard.4 IBM is the only manufacturer of "PC-compatible" systems. 5 New standards in the PC industry were developed by other companies

and organizations than IBM.

Task 7Match each word from column A with its partner from column B to make a computing term. All the terms are from the previous units.1 binary a board2 circuit b circuit3 integrated c routing4 memory d tubes5 personal e computer6 programming f digit7 signal g chip8 vacuum h language

Task 8What do these abbreviations mean in the text?BASIC BIOS CP/M DOS IC OS PC

Task 9Find synonyms for these words1 alter a earlier, former2 assembled b whole3 entire c put together4 generic d change5 previous e universal

2.7.2 Language work: Past SimpleRead these examples. Complete the grammar rules.PositiveIntel introduced a 1K-bit memory chip in 1969.NegativeThe IBM system did not sell well.QuestionWhat did Intel engineers include in a single chip?

We use Past Simple for finished situations and actions in the past. To make the Past Simple of regular verbs, add –ed.

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Many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in –ed. For example: make – made, see - saw, go - went To make the negative, use did not (didn’t) + infinitive To make the question, use did + subject + infinitive.

Some time expressions used with Past simple tense.yesterday morning last night a week ago

afternoon weekend an hour agoevening Sunday five days ago

in 2003 spring three months agoa few years ago

Task 1How many words can you put in the list below?Infinitive Past Simplebe __________________________ began_____________ broughtcan __________________________ made

Task 2Write questions for these answers:1 The first IC contained only six transistors.2 The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes as switches.3 In 1969 Intel introduced a 1K-bit memory chip.4 MITS introduced the Altair kit in a cover story in the January 1975 issue

of Popular Electronics magazine.5 This situation allowed other manufacturers to license the operating

system.

2.7.3 SummaryPast simple tenseWe use the Past simple for finished actions and situations in the past;To make the Past Simple of regular verbs, add –ed.Many verbs are irregular. Positive subject + –ed (regular verbs); irregular verbs – past simple does

not end in –ed, you can find past tense in a dictionary.Negative subject + did + not (didn’t) + infinitive Question did + subject + infinitive

2.7.4 Vocabularyassemble dát dohromady, sestavitbit / binary digit číslo v dvojkové soustavěconsider považovatenhance zvýšit, zvětšitevolve vyvinout extendible roztažitelný, prodloužitelnýhard-wired trvale připojený

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chip čip, tištěný spojintegrated circuit integrovaný obvodkit stavebnice, soupravaliterally doslovaplywood překližkaprevailing převládajícírespectively v tomto pořadíresponsible zodpovědnýscrew připevnit pomocí šroubusemiconductor polovodičswitch spínačthrive vzkvétat, prosperovattransistor tranzistorvacuum tube elektronkavendor prodejce

2.7.5 Key

Task 11-d, 2-e, 3-a, 4-b, 5-c

Task 21 The tube was inefficient as a switch. It consumed a great deal of

electrical power and gave off enormous heat--a significant problem in the earlier systems. Primarily because of the heat they generated, tubes were notoriously unreliable--one failed every couple hours or so in the larger systems.

2 In 1969.3 In 1975.4 $9,000.5 In 1976.

Task 51 In 1980. 2 The designers looked at the prevailing standards.3 It took one year. 4 IBM originated the PC-compatible standard.5 Intel and Microsoft were primarily responsible for developing and

extending the PC hardware and software standards, respectively.

Task 61 T, 2 T, 3 F (IBM originate the PC-compatible standard), 4 F, 5T

Task 71binary digit, 2circuit board, 3integrated circuit, 4memory chip, 5personal computer, 6programming language, 7signal routing, 8vacuum tubes

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Task 8BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BIOS Basic Input Output System CP/M Control Program for Microprocessors DOS disk operating systemIC integrated circuitOS operating systemPC personal computer

Task 91 alter – d/ change2 assembled – c/ put together3 entire – b/ whole4 generic – e/ universal5 previous – a/ earlier, former

Past Simple

Task 1Infinitive Past Simplebe was / werebegin beganbring broughtcan couldmake made

Task 21 How many transistors did the first IC contain?2 What did the first electronic computers use?3 When did Intel introduce a 1K-bit memory chip?4 What did MITS introduce in a cover story in the January 1975 issue of

Popular Electronics magazine?5 What did this situation allow?

2.8 Revision 2Time 1 hourTask 1Put the words in the correct order.1 is / it / never / same / the / thing 2 always / network / problems / the / there / are / with

Task 2Are the sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are grammatically wrong:1 It moves not the cursor down.2 This key insert a character.3 They not work every day.

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Task 3Make questions1 This laptop belongs to Alex. (co)2 She works in a hotel. (kde)3 It lasts for one year. (jak dlouho)4 Alice and Peter write a report after each visit. (jak často)

Task 4Write negativesThis key moves the cursor down. This key doesn’t move the cursor down.1 This key copies the screen display.2 The computers work well.3 They start at 9:00. 4 She works at a hotel. 5 They lasts two hours.

Task 5Match each word from column A with its partner from column B to make a computing term.A BBar cardCache codeDisk diskExpansion driveFloppy chipFunction keyMemory memoryPower supplyTask 6Correct these sentences.1 I bought not a laser printer last year.2 I bought it before two years.3 Last year I buy a scanner.4 Saw you that new PDA yesterday?

Task 7Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct past form, positive or negative.PC-compatible systems have thrived, not only because compatible hardware can be assembled easily, but also because the primary operating system 1__________(be) available not from IBM but from a third party (Microsoft). The core of the system software is the BIOS. This situation 2__________(allow) other manufacturers to license the operating system and BIOS software and to sell their own compatible systems. The fact that DOS 3__________(borrow) the functionality and user interface from both CP/M and UNIX probably 4__________(have) a lot to do with the amount of software that 5__________(become) available. One of the reasons why Apple Macintosh systems 6__________(not enjoy) the success of PC-compatibles is that Apple 7__________(control) all the

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software, and 8__________(license) any of it to other companies for use in compatible systems. It is fortunate for the computing public as a whole that IBM 9__________(create) a more open and extendible standard.

KeyTask 1It is never the same thing.There are always problems with network.

Task 21 It doesn’t move the cursor down.2 This key inserts a character.3 They do not work every day.

Task 31 What belongs to Alex?2 Where does she work?3 How long does it last?4 When do Alice and Peter write a report?

Task 41 This key does not copy the screen display.2 The computers do not work well.3 They do not start at 9:00. 4 She does not work at a hotel. 5 They do not last two hours. Task 5Bar codeCache memoryDisk driveExpansion cardFloppy diskFunction keyMemory chipPower supply

Task 61 I did not buy a laser printer last year.2 I bought it two years ago.3 Last year I bought a scanner.4 Did you see that new PDA yesterday?

Task 31was, 2allowed, 3borrowed, 4had, 5became, 6enjoyed, 7controlled, 8licensed, 9created

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2.9 Computer architectureTime 3 hours

ObjectivesIn this part you will learn about von Neumann architecture; revise numbers and dates; revise possessive -‘s: forms and grammar. By the end of this part you should: know how to read numbers and dates; know and be able to use names of types of computers and computer

features.

Key words: von Neumann architecture, general-purpose electronic computer, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, memory, input-output devices, to store data, cardinal number, ordinal number.

2.9.1 Numbers

Do you know how to read these numbers and years?1st 1.2 .00083 1948 2005

Cardinal numbers 312 three hundred and twelve (AmE three hundred twelve)6,268 six thousand, two hundred and sixty-eight 5,000,000 five millionAfter a number, dozen, hundred, thousand, million, and billion … have no final –s, and of is not used.two million instructions but millions of instructions

00 is pronounced in different ways. The number is called:nought [no:t] in British English zero [ziru] in American English

SportsFootball 6-0 [nil] Tennis 15 – 0 [lav]

When numbers are said one by one, we say [u] like letter ‘o’.

ExampleTelephone numbers91657 [nain wan six faiv sevn]

Account numbers82015 [eit tu: u wan faiv]

Ordinal numbers

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First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, …Notice: five – fifth - fifteenth, twelve – twelfth, nine – ninth

DecimalsWe write and say decimals like this:1.2 one point two 0.165 nought point one six five (AmE zero point one six five).00083 = 0.00083

FractionsWe say simple fractions like this:

1/7 one seventh11/16 eleven sixteenths3/4 hour three quarters of an hour7/10 mile seven tenths of a mile

More complex fractions can be expressed by using the word over:317/509 three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine

Percentage10% [ten p’sent] The stress is on the cent of per cent.

DatesThe way dates are written and spoken is different.Written11/10/1998 = 11 October 1998 British EnglishSpokenthe eleventh of October, nineteen ninety-eightOctober the eleventh, nineteen ninety-eight

11/10/1998 = 10 November 1998 American EnglishSpokenthe tenth of November, nineteen ninety-eightNovember the tenth, nineteen ninety-eight

We read 1400 = fourteen hundred1405 = fourteen (hundred and) five or fourteen O [u] five1948 = nineteen (hundred and) forty-eightbut2000 = two thousand 2005 = two thousand and fiveThe names of decades (e.g. the nineteen eighties) can be written: 1980saccount number číslo účtucardinal number základní číslovkadecimals desetinná číslofraction zlomekordinal number řadová číslovka

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Exercise 1Now answer these questions:1 When where you born?2 When did you start school?3 When did you finish secondary school?

2.9.2 Reading: Von Neumann architecture

Task 1Now read the article. What significance does each number have in the text?

first 1948 1952 96 1.2 .00083 millions four

Any discussion of computer architectures, of how computers and computer systems are organized, designed, and implemented, inevitably makes reference to the "von Neumann architecture" as a basis for comparison. And of course this is so, since virtually every electronic computer ever built has been rooted in this architecture. The name applied to it comes from John von Neumann, who was the first to spell out the requirements for a general-purpose electronic computer. Von Neumann's design led eventually to the construction of the EDVAC computer in 1952. However, the first computer of this type to be actually constructed and operated was the Manchester Mark I, designed and built at Manchester University in England. It ran its first program in 1948, executing it out of its 96-word memory. It executed an instruction in 1.2 milliseconds, which must have seemed phenomenal at the time. Using today's popular "MIPS" terminology (millions of instructions per second), it would be rated at .00083 MIPS. We all know what the von Neumann architecture is, of course. At least we have strong intuitive feelings about it because this is what we have always used. This is "the way computers work." But to really comprehend what choices there are for computer designers, to appreciate what new choices must be found, it is necessary to have a more definitive understanding of what the von Neumann architecture is and is not and what its implications are. Von Neumann begins his paper "Preliminary Discussion" with a broad description of the general-purpose computing machine containing four main "organs." These are identified as relating to arithmetic, memory, control, and connection with the human operator. In other words, the arithmetic logic unit, the control unit, the memory, and the input-output devices that we see in the classical model of what a computer "looks like." To von Neumann, the key to building a general-purpose device was in its ability to store not only its data and the intermediate results of computation, but also to store the instructions, or orders, that brought about the computation. In a special purpose machine the computational procedure could be part of the hardware. In a general purpose one the instructions must be as changeable as the numbers they acted upon. Therefore, why not encode the instructions into numeric form and store instructions and data in

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the same memory? This frequently is viewed as the principal contribution provided by von Neumann's insight into the nature of what a computer should be.

2.9.3 Language work: Possessive ’s: forms and grammar Von Neumann's designtoday's popular "MIPS" terminology Cambridge claims to have the world's oldest taught qualification in computing.

SpellingSingular noun +’s my father’s carPlural noun + ’ my parents’ houseIrregular plural + ’s the children’s room We normally use –’s for people or animals the manager’s office It is also possible use –’s

for places the world’s populationwith time expressions next week’s meeting

We can usually use -’s or of for an organizationthe success of the company or the company’s success

For things, ideas etc. we normally use of the name of the book We normally use of (not noun+noun) with the beginning/end/top/

bottom/front/back/middle/side etc. the back of the carnot ‘the car back’

Exercise 2Join the two nouns. Sometimes you have to use –’s or -s’, and sometimes you have to use …of…1 the top / the page2 the computer / Paul3 the cause / the problem4 the name / this street5 the economic policy/ the government 6 the garden / our neighbours

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2.9.4 Different types of computers

Can you name these different types of computers?A B C

What are the different types of computers?Task 2Fill in the gaps with these words:Desktop / laptop / mainframe / minicomputer / palmtop / PC / server / supercomputer / wearable / workstation

There are a lot of terms used to describe computers. Most of these words imply the size, expected use or capability of the computer. 1 ___________ It is a computer designed for general use by a single

person. Most people relate this term with systems that run the Windows operating system. They were first known as microcomputers because they were built on a smaller scale than the huge systems in use by most businesses.

2 ___________ A PC that is not designed for portability. The expectation with these systems is that you will set them in a permanent location. Most of them offer more power, storage and versatility for less cost than their portable brethren.

3 ___________ They are portable computers that integrate the display, keyboard, a pointing device or trackball, processor, memory and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover book.

4 ___________ More commonly known as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), they are tightly integrated computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage. These computers usually do not have keyboards but rely on touch screen technology for user input. They are typically smaller than a paperback novel, very lightweight with a reasonable battery life. A slightly larger and heavier version is the handheld computer.

5 ___________ A desktop computer that has a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced capabilities for performing a special group of task, such as 3D Graphics or game development.

6 ___________ A computer that has been optimized to provide services to other computers over a network. It usually has powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives.

7 ___________ In the early days of computing, they were huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor! As the size of computers has diminished while the power has increased, the term has fallen out of use in favour of enterprise server. You'll still hear the term

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used, particularly in large companies to describe the huge machines processing millions of transactions every day.

8 ___________ Another term rarely used anymore, these computers fall in between microcomputers (PCs) and mainframes (enterprise servers). They are normally referred to as mid-range servers now.

9 ___________ This type of computer usually costs hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars. Although some of them are single computer systems, most are comprised of multiple high performance computers working in parallel as a single system.

10 ___________The latest trend in computing. Essentially, common computer applications (e-mail, database, multimedia, calendar) are integrated into watches, cell phones, visors and even clothing!

Task 3Decide what sort of computer is best for each of these users.1 The Northwestern technical college needs a computer to look after its

accounts. Its network, the records of all students and staff, and to help with scientific research.

2 Ken Parsley is a sales person and he spends a lot of time visiting customers. He wants a computer to carry with him so he can access data about his customers and record his sales.

3 Alice Pierce is a personal officer. She needs a computer to keep staff records and to keep a diary of appointments. She also needs a computer for writing emails.

2.9.5 SummaryOne of the most important considerations when buying a computer is deciding how it is going to be used.There are different types of computers: Supercomputer, mainframe, server, workstation, PC, desktop, minicomputer, laptop, palmtop, wearable.

Dates and numbers16 November The sixteenth of November

November16 November the sixteenth

When we say the date, we use ordinal numbers. May (the) fifteenth. In the short form, the month is written before the day in AmE.6/2/04: 2 July 2004 (AmE); 6/2/04: 6 February 2004 (BrE)

Fractions, decimals, and percentages2/3 two thirds15.6% fifteen point six per cent25.84 twenty-five point eight four After decimal point we say each number separately.

Possessive ’s: forms and grammar Singular noun +’s my father’s carPlural noun +’ my parents’ house

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Irregular plural +’s the children’s room

We normally use –’s for people or animals for places with time expressions sometimes for an organization

2.9.6 Vocabularyantithetical jsoucí v rozporuappreciate ocenit/oceňovatbottleneck překážka (ve vývoji apod.)brethren bratři (sourozenci)comprehend porozumětcomprise zahrnovat, obsahovat, skládat sediminished zmenšenýdisplay zobrazitdistinguish rozlišitenhance zvýšitenterprise server entire celýexecute provést, vykonatfashion tady způsobflash memory energeticky nezávislá paměťhardcover vázaný v pevných deskáchimplement uskutečnit, realizovatinevitably nevyhnutelněinsight proniknutí do podstaty věcimainframe střediskový počítač minicomputer minipočítač-(sdílí většinou více uživatelů prostřednictvím více

terminálů, nebo slouží jako komunikační uzel počítačové sítě)process zpracovatreside sídlit, spočívatscale velikost, měřítkoset up postavit, nastavitspell out vysvětlit do detailůsupercomputer superpočítač-(aplikace vojenství, meteorologie, seismologie,

naftový průmysl, atomová fyzika )versatility univerzálnostvirtually prakticky, vlastně, ve skutečnostivirtually prakticky, ve skutečnostivisor protisluneční clonawearable vhodný k nošení

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2.9.7 Key

Task 11 John von Neumann was the first who explained requirements for a

general purpose electronic computer. 2 Manchester Mark I was the first computer of this type.3 It ran its first program in 1948.4 EDVAC computer was constructed in 1952.5 Manchester Mark I had a 96-word memory.6 It executed an instruction in 1.2 milliseconds.7 Using today's popular "MIPS" terminology it would be rated at .00083

MIPS. 8 "MIPS" = millions of instructions per second.9 Von Neumann begins his paper "Preliminary Discussion" with a broad

description of the general-purpose computing machine containing four main "organs".

Exercise 21 the top of the page2 Paul’s computer3 the cause of the problem4 the name of this street5 the economic policy of the government or the government’s economic

policy 6 our neighbours’ garden

Task 21PC, 2desktop, 3laptop, 4palmtop, 5workstation, 6server, 7mainframe, 8minicomputer, 9supercomputer, 10wearable

Task 31 mainframe2 laptop3 PC

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2.10 Revision 3Translate:Ostravská universita:Přírodovědecká fakulta:Katedra informatiky a počítačů:

Task 1Correct these sentences:1 The programmer work hard.2 He not knows all instructions.3 Helps this statement?4 They has interesting results.5 The computer calculate the total cost of all the items. 6 What this key do?7 This key move not the screen up.

Task 2Make questions:1 Email messages have two main parts. 2 The header reveals the identity of the recipient. 3 Subscribers can send plain text messages to a common area on a server

computer.4 He dials number one to leave a message.5 The meeting with Peter Novak was at 11:00.6 He cannot meet him at that time because there are no seats.7 He is travelling to London by plane.8 This book belongs to somebody. (komu) 9 She works in a hotel. (kdo)

Task 3Put the words in brackets in the correct order. All the sentences are questions.1 he / meet /Peter / did / why ? 2 is / John / London / travelling / how / to ?3 hardware / have / how often / people / problems / with /do?4 a / is / it / memory / problem / usually?

Task 4Write the following numbers in full:1 2,5462 462,5873 401,500,7454 3.141595 28th

6 It happened in 1998.

KeyUniversity of Ostrava

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Faculty of ScienceDepartment of computer science

Task 11 The programmer works hard. 2 He does not know all instructions.3 Does this statement help?4 They have interesting results.5 The computer calculates the total cost of all the items.6 What does this key do?7 This key does not move the screen up.

Task 21 What has two main parts?2 What reveals the identity of the recipient? 3 Where can subscribers send plain text messages?4 What does he dial to leave a message?5 When was the meeting with Peter Novak?6 Why cannot he meet him at that time?7 How is he travelling to London?8 Who does this book belong to?9 Who works in a hotel?

Task 31 Why did he meet Peter? 2 How is John travelling to London?3 How often do people have problems with hardware?4 Is it usually a memory problem?

Task 41 2,546 two thousand, five hundred (and) forty-six2 460,580 four hundred (and) sixty thousand, five hundred (and) eighty3 410,500,745 four hundred (and) ten million, five hundred thousand,

seven hundred (and) forty-five4 3.14159 three point one four one five nine5 28th twenty eighth6 It happened in 1998. Nineteen ninety eight

2.11 Assignment 3Time 5 hoursChoose any text you are interested in. Read at least five pages and translate them into Czech language. Write the summary of the text in English.

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3 Part 23.1 Portable SystemsTime 2 hours

By the end of this unit you should: be better at making inferences from a text; be able to describe the function of a device; be able to make comparisons using adjectives.

Keywords: portable system, desktop, laptop, notebook, palmtop, PDA.Comparative, superlative form of adjectives.

Try to answer the following questions:1 How small do you think computers can usefully become?2 To what extend does the size of a computer influence what it can be

used for? 3 Think of examples to illustrate your answer.

This is the smallest, the most powerful computer in the word.

‚Those? Those are the batteries. ‘

Task 1Think about these questions before you read the text.1 How did portable systems start and how did they differ from desktops?2 Were components very different from those in standard computers?

3.1.1 Reading: HistoryTask 2

Read the following text and look at the underlined words. Complete the table with the comparative adjectives from the article. Portables started out as suitcase-sized systems that differed from desktops mainly in the fact that all of the components were installed into a single case. Compaq was among the first to market portable

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computers like these in the 1980s, and although their size, weight, and appearance were almost laughable, they were cutting-edge technology for the time. The components themselves were not very different from those in standard computers. The Data General One, pictured above, was one of the first commercially successful laptops. First year of production: 1983 Manufacturer: Data General, Inc.http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~csclub/museum/items/data_general_1.html

A laptop computer (also known as a notebook computer) is a small mobile personal computer, usually weighing around from 1 to 3 kilograms (2 to 7 pounds). Laptops typically have a wide array of options, as they are targeted at a wider audience.Notebooks smaller than an A4 sheet of paper and weighing around 1 kg are sometimes called sub-notebooks and those weighing around 5 kg are called desknotes (desktop/notebook). Computers larger than PDAs but smaller than notebooks are also sometimes called "palmtops".

Laptops are capable of many of the same tasks that desktop computers perform, although they are typically less powerful. Laptops contain components that are similar to those in their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption. Laptops usually have LCD displays and smaller SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM) chips for their RAM. In addition to a built-in keyboard, they may

utilize a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external mouse or keyboard can usually be attached.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop#Popular_laptops

3.1.2 Language work: Comparative and superlative adjectivesRegular Adjective Comparative Superlative1 syllable fast faster the fastest of all

large 1 the largest of alllow 2 the lowest of allold 3 the oldest of allsmall 4 the smallest of allwide 5 the widest of all

2 syllables busy busier the busiest of allending in –y easy easier the easiest of all

2 or more serious more serious the most serious of allpowerful more powerful 6 of all

syllables interesting 7 the most interesting of allAfter comparatives you can use than.Portable systems are designed to be smaller and lighter than desktops.

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Notice:We use as + adjective + as + noun to say that two people or things are equal in some way.Portable systems are as upgradeable and repairable as desktop systems.

Task 3 Fill in the words.A laptop computerA laptop computer, usually called a notebook computer by manufacturers, is a battery - or AC-powered personal computer generally 1__________ (small) than a briefcase that can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on aeroplanes, in libraries, temporary offices, and at meetings. A laptop typically weighs less than 5 pounds and is 3 inches or less in thickness. Among the 2__________ (well-known) makers of laptop computers are IBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, and Toshiba. Laptop computers are generally 3__________ (expensive) than desktop computers with the same capabilities because they are 4__________ (difficult) to design and manufacture. Laptops usually come with displays that use thin-screen technology. The thin film transistor or active matrix screen is 5__________ (bright) and views 6__________ (good) at different angles than the STN or dual-scan screen. Laptops use several different approaches for integrating a mouse into the keyboard, including the touch pad, the trackball, and the pointing stick. A serial port also allows a regular mouse to be attached. AC alternating current střídavý proud

3.1.3 PDAs

Task 4Fill in the comparative and superlative form of the adjectives.

World's _____1(thin) Pocket PC with Built-in CF SupportBluetooth Built in

With the Bluetooth support, MyPal A620BT enables _____ 2(fast), _____3 (large), and _____4 (safe) data peripheral connection and convenient data transfer with various Bluetooth devices at the same time. Moreover, it's even _____5 (power) saving! Just throw away the

redundant Bluetooth CF card; you can now enjoy a _____6 (convenient), _____ 7(comfortable), and _____8 (efficient) communicating experience!

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3.1.4 Parts of a notebook

Task 5 Front Panel and Right Panel ComponentsComponents included with the notebook may vary by geographical region and the features you selected. The following illustration identifies the standard external components included with most notebook models. Can you identify parts of the notebook?a TouchPad, scroll pad, Click buttons, and an on-off buttonb CD-ROM, DVD, or other drivec Wireless on-off button and- indicator light (select models only)d Infrared port (select models only)e Power button: turns the notebook

on and offf Main status lights (left to right):

power mode, hard drive activity, and battery

g Notebook open/close latch h Keyboard status lightsi One-Touch buttons j PS/2 portk Hard drivel Battery pack

3.1.5 SummaryOne-syllable adjectives We add –er to the end of the adjective.Two-syllable adjectives ending in –y Change the –y to –i and add –er to the end of the adjective.Other adjectives with two or more syllables Put more before the adjective.Irregular comparisongood better the bestbad worse the worstfar farther/further the farthest/furthestOne-syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant double the consonant: hot - hotter - the hottest. This doesn’t happen when the consonant is –w or –y: few - fewer - the fewest. We use as + adjective + as + noun to say that two people or things are equal in some way.

3.1.6 Vocabularyappearance vzhledarray množstvíbe at the cutting-edge být na špici, být špička (v oboru)desktop stolní počítačdetermine určovatdistinct odlišnýlight-duty pro malé zatížení

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market v. prodávatoptions doplňkové příslušenstvíportable přenosnýpower consumption spotřeba energiesuitcase-sized velikosti kufříkutarget zaměřit se

3.1.7 KeyTask 11 Portable systems started out as suitcase-sized systems that differed from

desktops mainly in that all of the components were installed into a single case.

2 The components themselves were not very different from those in standard computers.

Task 21larger, 2lower, 3older, 4smaller, 5wider, 6the most powerful, 7more interesting

Task 3 1smaller, 2best known, 3more expensive, 4more difficult, 5brighter, 6 better.

Task 41thinnest, 2faster, 3larger, 4safer, 5more power, 6more convenient, 7more comfortable, 8 more efficient

Task 51 Main status lights (left to right): power mode, hard drive activity, and battery2 TouchPad, scroll pad, Click buttons, and an on-off button3 Power button: turns the notebook on and off4 Keyboard status lights 5 One-Touch buttons 6 Notebook open/close latch7 PS/2 port8 CD-ROM, DVD, or other drive9 Battery pack10 Wireless on-off button and- indicator light (select models only)11Infrared port (select models only) 12 Hard drive3.2 Assignment 11 hourFind three different laptops on the Internet and compare them. Compare price, size, and quality. Write which one you would buy and give reasons for your choice.

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3.3 Input devicesTime 2 hours

ObjectivesBy the end of this unit you should: be able to describe the function or use of a device; be able to use the Present passive.

Keywords: digital camera, graphics tablet, joystick, keyboard, lightpen, microphone, scanner, touchscreen, trackball.

3.3.1 Different kinds of input devices1 Can you match these pictures of input devices and their names?

A B C

1 barcode scanner2 signature capture3 touchscreen4 touch display5 trackball

D E

2 Do you know these input devices?F G H

3 And do you know any other input devices?

Task 1Can you list the uses of these devices?

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Task 2Reading:Each text describes one of these devices: joystick, light pen, scanner, trackball. Identify the device each text describes. Write your answers in this table.

Text Device12341 A _____ is an input device you can connect to a computer system. The _____ is able to move in eight directions. _____s are mostly used in computer games to control the way a picture on the screen moves. Sometimes two _____s are connected to a computer so two people can play the game at the same time.

2 A _____ works in exactly the same way as a mouse, except that the ball is on top. The user roles the ball around with her/his hand to operate it. If you use a ____, you don’t need any extra space on your desk to move it around (like you do with a mouse). _____s are often used on small portable computers and on some video game machines.

3 A _____can be used to draw pictures directly on to a computer screen or to read the pattern on a barcode. A _____ that can read barcodes detects the difference between the light reflected from a black barcode line and its lighter background.

4 Using a _____, you can input printed drawing, photographs, or text directly into a computer. A _____ works like a photocopier – a light is shone on the material and the _____ detects the reflected light. You can use a _____ with optical character recognition (OCR) software to input the scanned text into a word processing package.

3.3.2 Language work: FunctionWe can describe function or use of a device in different ways. Study these examples.You can use microphone to input sound.A scanner is used for inputting text.Joysticks are used in computer games.Barcode readers are used in supermarkets for indicating prices.

The passive tense is used here in order to emphasise the importance of the object of the sentence, (and its use), over that of the subject (the user). This is because we are interested in the function of the devices, what they are used for; not the identity of the people who use them.

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3.3.3 Language work: The passivePresent simple activeYou use microphone to input sound.

Present simple passivePositive Microphone is used to input sound. Joysticks are used in computer games.Negative Trackball is not used to input sound. It isn’t made in Poland.Question Short answer Is microphone used to input sound? Yes, it is. Is trackball used to input sound? No, it isn’t. To make the present simple passive use am/is/are + past participle (used,

made). Use the present simple passive when the person or thing that did the

action isn’t important, or when we don’t know who did the action. When we want to say who did the action, we use the word by.Correct these sentences.I am surprise by the news. Many people is employed by that company.

Task 3Match each device with its use.1 digital camera a/ we use it in computer games2 trackball b/ input text3 joystick c/ input sound4 keyboard d/ copy documents5 lightpen e/ interact with the computer by lightly pressing a finger

on a touch sensitive area of the monitor screen6 microphone f/ control a cursor. It has a ball on the top7 scanner g/ draw pictures on to computer screen8 touchscreen h/ produce photos without film

Task 4Describe the use of each device from Task 3 using structures from the Language work section.…is/are used in……is/are used for …-ingUsing …, you can…You can use … to

Task 5Change the sentences from active to passive.1 A large number of people speak English.2 New ways of communication fascinate many people.3 Computers solve many problems.4 We investigate given problems in complexity theory.5 Researchers use Finite automata in circuit design.

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Task 6Write these common input devices under these headings: Barcode reader, digital camera, graphics tablet, joystick, lightpen, microphone, mouse, scanner, touchscreen, trackball.Cursor control device Optical device Voice input device

3.3.4 Reading: Cleaning Your Mouse

Task 7 Read the following text and answer the questions.

RevengeIf you notice that the mouse pointer moves across the screen in a jerky fashion, it may be time to clean your mouse. This jerkiness is caused when dirt and dust get trapped around the mouse's ball and roller assembly, thereby restricting its free movement.From a hardware perspective, the mouse is a simple device, and cleaning it is also very simple. The first step is to turn the mouse housing over so that you can see the ball on the bottom. Notice that surrounding the ball is an access panel that you can open. There may even be some instructions that indicate how

the panel is to be opened. (Some off-brand mice may require you to remove some screws to get at the roller ball.) Remove the panel, and you can see more of the roller ball and the socket in which it rests.If you turn the mouse back over, the rubber roller ball should fall into your hand. Take a look at the ball. It may be grey or black, but it should have no visible dirt or other contamination. If it does, wash it in soapy water or a mild solvent such as contact cleaner solution or alcohol and dry it off.Now take a look at the socket in which the roller ball normally rests. You will see two or three small wheels or bars against which the ball normally rolls. If you see dust or dirt on or around these wheels or bars, you need to clean them. The best way is to use a compressed air duster can to blow out any dust or dirt. You can also use some electrical contact cleaner to clean the rollers. Remember, any remaining dirt or dust impedes the movement of the roller ball and means that the mouse will not work as it should.Put the mouse back together by inserting the roller ball into the socket and then securely attaching the cover panel. The mouse should look just like it did before you removed the panel except that it will be noticeably cleaner.

1 How often should you clean your mouse? 2 Is it very difficult to clean it?

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3 What should you do if there is any visible contamination on the ball surface?

4 How can you put the mouse back together? 5 How should the mouse look at the end?

Task 8Are these sentences true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information in the text? If you think a statement is false, change it to make it true.1 From a hardware perspective, the mouse is a complicated device. 2 There may even be some instructions that indicate how the panel can be

opened. 3 Some new brand mice may require you to remove some screws to get at

the roller ball.4 The ball is usually red or blue.5 The best way how to clean dust or dirt on or around the wheels or bars is

to use hot water with soap.

Task 9Now change these sentences from active to passive.1 You turn the mouse housing over.2 You remove the panel.3 You turn the mouse back over.4 You wash the ball in soapy water.5 You use a compressed air duster.

3.3.5 SummaryPresent simple passiveTo be + past participle (solved, done)Positive The problem is solved. Computers are sold.Negative The visit is not required. It isn’t made in Poland.Question Are distributed systems built using networked computers? Is trackball used to input sound?Short answer Yes, they are. No, it isn’t. To make the present simple passive use am/is/are + past participle (used,

made) Use the present simple passive when the person or thing that did the

action isn’t important, or when we don’t know who did the action. When we want to say who did the action, we use the word by.

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Input devicesA variety of input devices can be connected to a computer to allow user to input different kinds of data and to control the computer in different ways. Some common input devices are: card reader, bar code reader, bar code scanner, digital camera, graphics tablet, joystick, keyboard, lightpen, microphone, mouse, scanner, touchscreen, trackball.

How to describe functionWe can describe function or use of a device in different ways:…is/are used in……is/are used for …-ingUsing …, you can…You can use … to

3.3.6 Vocabularybarcode čárový kóddraw nakreslitemphasise [emfsaiz] zdůraznithousing [hauzing] kryt, pouzdroimpede bránit, překážetjerkiness trháníjerky fashion trhavým způsobemoptical character recognition optické rozpoznávání znakůpast participle příčestí minuléperspective pohledreflect odrážetrestrict omezitsensitive citlivýsoapy mýdlovýsolvent rozpouštědlothereby a tímtrap zachytit

3.3.7 KeyTask 1A4, B3, C5, D2, E1, F microphone, G digital camera, H joystick, others: mouse, graphics tablet, keyboard, light pen , scanner, …barcode reader - an optical input device that uses the reflection of a light beam to read barcode labelsdigital camera - an input device for taking pictures. It has an electronic lens and uses electronics for storing the images rather than chemical filmgraphics tablet – graphical input device that tracts the movement of a stylus across a flat surface joystick - a cursor control input device with an upright arm. It is commonly used for controlling fast moving objects in computer games keyboard - the main electronic input device that has keys arranged in a similar layout to a typewriterlight pen – a pen shaped input device used for drawing on a display screen. It detects light on the screen

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microphone - an input device used for soundscanner is an optical input device that uses the reflection of light to copy text or graphics into a computertouch screen - a monitor screen that responds when touched by the usertrackball - a cursor control input device that has a ball on top that is moved by the user’s fingers

Task 21 joystick, 2 trackball, 3 light pen, 4 scanner.

Task 31h, 2f, 3a, 4b, 5g, 6c, 7d, 8e

Correct these sentences.I am surprised by the news.Many people are employed by that company.

Task 4Possible answers:1 Using a digital camera you can produce photos without film. 2 A trackball is used to control a cursor. It has a ball on the top.3 Joysticks are used in computer games. 4 A keyboard is used to input text.5 Lightpens are used for drawing pictures on to computer screen.6 A microphone is used to input sound.7 Using a scanner you can copy documents.8 A touchscreen can be used to interact with the computer by slightly

pressing a finger on a touch sensitive area of the monitor screen.

Task 51 English is spoken by a large number of people.2 Many people are fascinated by new ways of communication.3 Many problems are solved by computers.4 Given problems are investigated in complexity theory.5 Finite automata are used in circuit design.

Task 6Cursor control device Optical device Voice input devicejoystick barcode reader microphonemouse digital camera touchscreen graphics tablet trackball lightpen

scanner

Task 71 The text doesn’t say that, but if you notice that the mouse pointer moves

across the screen in a jerky fashion, it may be time to clean your mouse. 2 No, it is very easy.

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3 You should wash it in soapy water or a mild solvent such as contact cleaner solution or alcohol and dry it off.

4 You can put the mouse back together by inserting the roller ball into the socket and then securely attaching the cover panel.

5 The mouse should look just like it did before you removed the panel except that it will be noticeably cleaner.

Task 81F, 2T, 3F, 4F, 5F

Task 91 The mouse housing is turned over.2 The panel is removed.3 The mouse back is turned over.4 The ball is washed in soapy water.5 A compressed air duster is used.

3.4 Revision 1Time1 hourTask 1Complete the sentences using one of these verbs in the correct form:Cause/ hold/include/make/show1 Many accidents __________ by dangerous driving.2 Cheese __________ from milk.3 There’s no need to leave a tip. Service __________ in the bill.4 A cinema is a place where films __________.5 In the USA election of presidents __________ every four years.

Task 2Describe the function of any input device.

KeyTask 11 are caused, 2is made, 3is included, 4are shown, 5are held,

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3.5 Keyboard Time 2 hours

In this unit you will learn more about the different types of keyboards, how they connect and talk to your computer, and what the components of a keyboard are.

ObjectivesBy the end of this part you should be able to: understand the difference between the Past simple and the Present

perfect in describing completed past actions and completed past actions with current relevance;

use these tenses correctly; describe parts of a keyboard.

Keywords: keyboard, key arrangements, numeric keypad, function keys, cursor and screen controls, QWERTY keyboard.

Task 1Match these key abbreviations with their full names.1 Esc a Alternate2 Alt b Page Up3 Crl c Delete4 Pgdn d Insert5 Pgup e Escape6 Ins f Page Down7 Del g Control

3.5.1 Reading: Types of Keyboards

Task 2Find the answers to these questions in the following text.1 What are the primary keyboard types? 2 How do we call the four basic sections of the 101-key keyboard?3 What is the difference between QWERTY layout and the Dvorak design?4 Which other trends were there in the keyboard design?5 Where are the function keys situated?

The part of the computer that we come into most contact with is probably the piece that we think about the least. But the keyboard is an amazing piece of technology. For instance, did you know that the keyboard on a typical computer system is actually a computer itself? Over the years since the introduction

of the original IBM PC, IBM has created three different keyboard designs

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for PC systems, and Microsoft has augmented one of them. They have become standards in the industry and are shared by virtually all of the PC-compatible manufacturers. With the introduction of Windows 95, a modified version of the 101-key design (created by Microsoft) has appeared. The primary keyboard types are:

101-key Enhanced keyboard 104-key Windows keyboard 82-key Apple standard keyboard 108-key Apple Extended keyboard

Portable computers such as laptops quite often have keyboards that have slightly different key arrangements than a standard keyboard. Also, many system manufacturers add special buttons to the standard layout. The 101-key keyboard layout can be divided into the following four sections: Typing area Numeric keypad Cursor and screen controls Function keys

The typing keys are the section of the keyboard that contains the letter keys, generally laid out in the same style that was common for typewriters. This layout, known as QWERTY for the first six letters in the layout, was originally designed to slow down fast typists by making the arrangement of the keys somewhat awkward! The reason that typewriter manufacturers did this was because the mechanical arms that imprinted each character on the paper could jam together if the keys were pressed too rapidly. Around 1936, August Dvorak and William L. Dealy developed a modified character layout for the keyboard.The Dvorak-Dealy keyboard design is normally just called the Dvorak design for short. It has different character positions of the keys. The characters are arranged so that the vowels are in the row under the left hand, while the consonants used most frequently are placed in the row under the right hand. The theory was that this would dramatically improve typing speed; however, most tests show fairly modest improvements. The Dvorak keyboard design has not achieved widespread popularity, and the familiar QWERTY layout remained the most common design.Another trend is to change the shape of the keyboard instead of altering the character layout. This has resulted in a number of different so-called ergonomic designs. The goal is to shape the keyboard to better fit the human hand. The most common of these designs split the keyboard in the centre, bending the sides back. Some allow the angle between the sides to be adjusted, while others are fixed. These split or bent designs more easily conform to the natural angle of the hands while typing. They can improve productivity and typing speed, as well as help prevent medical problems such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

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Although these ergonometric keyboards sound like a good idea, people are resistant to change, and none of these designs have replaced the standard keyboard layout.

Several companies have introduced a keyboard that features keys that are programmable. You can assign different keystrokes to keys, or even reprogram the entire keyboard layout.

Goldtouch Ergonomic Keyboard

This keyboard has a full keyset. Each side of the keyboard is adjustable separately and easily. The adjustability is continuous, allowing complete customisation. It is PC compatible with optional Mac adaptor.

PACE Adjustable Keyboard

In 1986, IBM extended the basic keyboard with the addition of function and control keys. The function keys, arranged in a line across the top of the keyboard, could be assigned specific commands by the current application or the operating system. Control keys provided cursor and screen control. Four keys arranged in an inverted T formation between the typing keys and numeric keypad allow the user to move the cursor on the display in small increments. The control keys allow the user to make large jumps in most applications. Common control keys include: Home End Insert Delete Page Up

Page Down Control (Ctrl) Alternate (Alt) Escape(Esc)

The Windows keyboard adds some extra control keys: two Windows or Start keys, and an Application key.

Task 3Re-read the text and mark the following statements as True or False:1 The keyboard is an output device.2 Since the introduction of the original IBM PC, IBM has created three

different keyboard designs for PC systems.3 The 101-key keyboard layout can be divided into the seven sections. 4 The Dvorak-Dealy keyboard design is normally just called the Dealy

design for short.5 The function keys, arranged in a line across the top of the keyboard,

could be assigned specific commands by the current application or the operating system.

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Task 4Match the terms in A with the statements in B.1 amazing a design2 augment b become bigger, more valuable, better3 awkward c to fill or block up by crowding4 jam together d causing great surprise or sudden wonder5 layout e hard to deal with

3.5.2 Language work: Past Simple and Present PerfectRead these examples and the grammar rules.

Past simple Around 1936, August Dvorak and William L. Dealy developed a

modified character layout for the keyboard. In 1986, IBM extended the basic keyboard with the addition of function

and control keys.

We use Past simple to describe completed actions and finished situations at a definite time in the past. It is often used with time expressions such as: last year, before (PCs were introduced), in 1975, (2 weeks) ago.

Present perfect Over the years since the introduction of the original IBM PC, IBM has

created three different keyboard designs for PC systems, and Microsoft has augmented one of them.

They have become standards in the industry.

To make the Present perfect simple, use has (’s) or have (’ve) + the past participle of the verb (e.g. been, worked, bought…)

Positive sentence I/You/We/They’ve (have) worked.He/She/It’s (has) left. NegativeI/You/We/They haven’t (have not) worked.He/She/It hasn’t (has not) left. QuestionHave you worked? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.Has it worked? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.

We use the Present perfect simple to describe Situations that began in the past and continue to the present Alex has been a web designer for five years.Situations and actions in a time up to the present He’s worked for several companies.Past actions with present result He’s bought a new computer.

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Past actions in a time up to the present where we give a quantity He’s written three reports this week.

In British English the Present perfect simple is normally used with just, already, yet, recently, this year, in the past few years, in the past decade, ever, etc.

Do not use the Present perfect if there is no connection with the present. (For example, things that happened a long time ago).Compare: Charles Dickens wrote many books. Viewegh is a very good writer. He has written many books. (He still

writes books).

Yet is used in negative sentences and in questions. They haven’t moved house yet. A: Has Alice graduated yet? B: No. She’s still in school.

Correct the mistakes:I haven’t play this PC game yet. He has bought this printer in 2002.

Task 5Complete the sentences. All verbs are in the present perfect simple except of number 5, which is in the past simple. Keyboards 1______ (change) very little in layout since their introduction.In fact, the most common change 2_____ simply ______ (be) the natural evolution of adding more keys that provide additional functionality. Because it 3_____ (be) long established as a standard, and people 4_____ (become) accustomed to the QWERTY configuration, manufacturers 5______ (develop) first keyboards for computers using the same layout, even though jamming is no longer an issue.

Critics of the QWERTY layout 6______ (adopt) another layout - Dvorak that places the most commonly used letters in the most convenient arrangement. The public being resistant to change, the Dvorak keyboard design 7_____ (not achieve) widespread popularity,

Task 6Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong?1 In 1969 Intel has introduced a 1 K-bit memory chip.2 I’ve bought a new digital camera. Do you want to see it?3 Albert Einstein has been the scientist who has developed the theory of

relativity.4 Where have you been born?5 I’ve lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere.

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3.5.3 Inside the KeyboardRead the following text using a dictionary.The processor in a keyboard has to understand several things that are important to the utility of the keyboard, such as:

Position of the key in the key matrix. The amount of bounce and how to filter

it. The speed at which to transmit the

typematics.

The microprocessor and controller circuitry of a keyboard. The key matrix is the grid of circuits underneath the keys. In all keyboards except for capacitive ones, each circuit is broken at the point below a specific key. Pressing the key bridges the gap in the circuit, allowing a tiny amount of current to flow through. The processor monitors the key matrix for signs of continuity at any point on the grid. When it finds a circuit that is closed, it compares the location of that circuit on the key matrix to the character map in its ROM. The character map is basically a comparison chart for the processor that tells it what the key at x, y coordinates in the key matrix represents. If more than one key is pressed at the same time, the processor checks to see if that combination of keys has a designation in the character map. For example, pressing the “a” key by itself would result in a small letter "a" being sent to the computer. If you press and hold down the

Shift key while pressing the “a” key, the processor compares that combination with the character map and produces a capital letter "A".

A look at the key matrix.

The character map in the keyboard can be superseded by a different character map provided by the computer. This is done quite often in languages whose characters do not have English equivalents. Also, there are utilities for changing the character map from the traditional QWERTY to DVORAK or another custom version. Keyboards rely on switches which cause a change in the current flowing through the circuits in the keyboard. When the key presses the key switch against the circuit, there is usually a small amount of vibration between the surfaces, known as bounce. The processor in a keyboard recognizes that this very rapid switching on and off is not caused by you pressing the key repeatedly. Therefore, it filters all of the tiny fluctuations out of the signal and treats it as a single keypress. If you continue to hold down a key, the processor determines that you wish to send that character repeatedly to the computer. This is known as typematics. In this process, the delay between each instance of a character can normally be set in software, typically ranging from 30 characters per second (cps) to as few as two cps.

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Task 7These are answers to questions about the text. Write the questions.1 It is the grid of circuits underneath the keys.2 Pressing the key bridges the gap in the circuit.3 A tiny amount of current flows through the circuit.4 The processor checks to see if that combination of keys has a designation

in the character map.5 You want to send that character repeatedly to the computer.

Task 8Read this passage about the structure of the processor and fill in the gaps using the words below.inexpensive, keys "click", the carbon centre to push down, tactile response, audible and tactile response

Keyboard TechnologiesKeyboards use a variety of switch technologies. It is interesting to note that we generally like to have some 1________to our typing on a keyboard. We want to hear the 2________as we type, and we want the keys to feel firm and spring back quickly as we press them. There are different technologies:

Rubber dome mechanical, capacitive non-mechanical, metal contact mechanical, membrane mechanical, and foam element mechanical.

This keyboard uses rubber dome switches.

Probably the most popular switch technology in use today is rubber dome. In these keyboards, each key sits over a small, flexible rubber dome with a hard carbon centre. When the key is pressed, a plunger on the bottom of the key pushes down against the dome. This causes 3________ until it presses against a hard flat surface beneath the key matrix. As long as the

key is held, the carbon centre completes the circuit for that portion of the matrix. When the key is released, the rubber dome springs back to its original shape, forcing the key back up to its at-rest position. Rubber dome switch keyboards are 4________, have pretty good 5________ and are fairly resistant to spills and corrosion because of the rubber layer covering the key matrix.

Task 9The alphanumeric keypad occupies the largest part of the PC keyboard. In addition to alphabetic and numeric characters it includes some punctuation marks and linguistic characters.

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Can you connect the character with its description? Some of them are easy. But some are more complicated. 1 ampersand !2 asterix #3 at sign $4 back slash &5 brace, close (6 brace, open )7 caret -8 colon @9 comma ^10 dollar sign _

11 exclamation mark {12 hyphen, minus sign }13 number sign ~14 parentheses, close *15 parentheses, open ,16 semicolon /17 slash :18 tilde \19 underscore ;

3.5.4 SummaryPast simple We use the past simple to describe completed actions and finished situations at a definite time in the past. It is often used with time expressions such as: last year, before (PCs were introduced), in 1975, (2 weeks) ago.

Present perfectWe use the present perfect to describe Situations that began in the past and continue to the presentSituations and actions in a time up to the presentPast actions with results in the presentPast actions in a time up to the present where we give a quantity

To make the present perfect, use have/has or (‘ve/‘s) + the past participle of the verb (e.g. been, worked, bought…)

Positive sentence I/You/We/They‘ve (have) worked.He/She/It‘s (has) left.

NegativeI/You/We/They haven’t (have not) worked.He/She/It hasn’t (has not) left. QuestionHave you worked? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.Has it worked? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.

In British English the Present perfect simple is normally used with just, already, yet, recently, this year, in the past few years, in the past decade, ever, etc.

Final tasks:1 Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.I __________ (buy) a laptop. Do you want to see it?I __________ (buy) a laptop yesterday.

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2 Match these symbols with their names to complete this table.A @ B / C ~ D : E . F _

Colon, tilde, underscore, forward slash, at, dot (stop)

3.5.5 Vocabularyalphanumeric key abecedně číslicová klávesaalthough i když, třebažeaugment rozšiřovatawkward těžko použitelný/ovladatelnýbend ohnoutcarpal tunnel syndrome stav způsobený stlačením nervu, který prochází ze

zápěstí do ruky (doprovázený bolestí)control keys ovládací klávesyfunction keys funkční klávesyincrement přírůstekkeyboard klávesnice keyboard layout uspořádání klávesniceletter písmenonumeric keypad numerické klávesyQWERTY [kw3:ti] anglická standartní klávesnice QWETRYspacebar mezerníktyping keys klávesy pro psaní = abecední poleutility užitečnost, funkčnost

3.5.6 Key

Task 1 1e, 2a, 3g, 4f, 5b, 6d, 7c

Task 21 There are four primary keyboard types: 101-key Enhanced keyboard,

104-key Windows keyboard, 82-key Apple standard keyboard, 108-key Apple Extended keyboard.

2 There are these main sections: typing area, numeric keypad, cursor and screen controls, function keys.

3 The layout of the Dvorak keyboard relocates the most frequently used keys in the central part of the keyboard, while in the QWERTY layout there is a sequence of keys on the upper left-hand side of the keyboard, namely Q-W-E-R-T-Y. (In Czech language we can find QWERTZ layout).

4 Another trend is to change the shape of the keyboard instead of altering the character layout.

5 Function keys are arranged in a line across the top of the keyboard.

Task 31F, 2T, 3F, 4F, 5T

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Task 41d, 2b, 3e, 4c, 5a

Correct the mistakes:I haven’t played this PC game yet. He bought this printer in 2002.

Task 51have changed, 2has simply been, 3has been long established, 4have become, 5developed, 6have adopted, 7has not achieved All verbs are in the present perfect simple except of number 5 which is in the past simple. “manufacturers developed first keyboards” is completed action. First keyboards were developed only once.

Task 61 F In 1969 Intel introduced a 1 K-bit memory chip.2 T3 F Albert Einstein was … developed (he doesn’t live anymore)4 F Where were you born?5 T

Task 7 Possible answers1 What does the term key matrix mean?2 What does pressing the key bridge?3 What happens after pressing the key?4 What happens if more than one key is pressed?5 What does processor determine if you continue to hold down a key?

Task 81audible and tactile response, 2 keys "click", 3 the carbon centre to push down, 4 inexpensive, 5 tactile response.

Task 91&, 2*, 3@, 4\, 5}, 6{, 7^, 8:, 9,, 10$,11!,12-,13#, 14), 15(, 16;, 17/, 18~, 19_

Final tasks:Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple.I have bought a laptop. Do you want to see it?I bought a laptop yesterday.

A @ at B / forward slash C ~ tilde D: colon E . dot, stopF _ underscore

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3.6 Revision 22 hoursTask 1Read the text and fill in the correct form of the word.

QWERTY is the modern-day layout of letters on most English language computer and typewriter keyboards. It takes its name from the first six letters shown on the keyboard's top row of letters. Christopher Soles 1__________ (patent) the QWERTY design in 1868 and 2__________ (sell) it to Remington in1873, when it first 3__________ (appear) in typewriters.It has often been noted that the word "typewriter" can be typed entirely using the top row of the QWERTY keyboard: it has been speculated that this may have been a factor in the choice of keys for ease of demonstration.Minor changes to the arrangement are made for other languages; for example, German keyboards interchange the "Z" and "Y" keys both because "Z" is a much more common letter than "Y" in German (the latter appearing seldom except in words of Greek origin), and because Z and A often appear next to each other in the German language; consequently, they are known as QUERTZ keyboards. Tests 4 __________ (show) that other arrangements of keys lead to efficient typing of typical English texts. The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard arrangement 5__________ (design) by Drs. August Dvorak and William Dealey and patented in1936 6__________ (have) some success in this regard, but the QWERTY arrangement remains the 7__________ (popular), largely due both to market inertia and to tests showing little significant performance difference between those who first 8__________ (learn) to type on QWERTY and those who first 9__________ (learn) to type on Dvorak. The single 10__________ (great) benefit reported by Dvorak users is the comfort Dvorak provides.

Task 2Find out the information about Dvorak and William Dealey layout and describe it.

KeyTask11patented, 2sold, 3appeared, 4showed, 5designed, 6had, 7most popular, 8learned, 9learned, 10greatest.

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3.7 Assignment 2Time 1 hour

Task 1With the help of this table and the text, write a brief description of a keyboard. The first paragraph is done for you.Section Location Main keys Main functionTyping area centre each letter input all kinds of data

punctuationcommon symbols

Function keys top F1-F12 not fixedcan program them

Editing keys right cursor keys control cursorinsert, delete

Numeric keypad far right digits 0-9 input numericalmathematical dataoperations

Most keyboards have four sections. The main keyboard has keys for each letter. It also has keys for punctuation and other common symbols. It is used for inputting all kinds of data.

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3.8 Output devicesTime 3 hours

ObjectivesBy the end of this part you should: be better at reading monitor advertisement; be able to choose correctly between the present perfect simple and

present perfect continuous.

Key words: monitor, printer, dot/matrix printer, laser, inkjet, resolution, grill pitch.Present perfect continuous.

How many output devices do you know?

3.8.1 Output devices: definition

Task 1

Read this definition and then decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information in the text.Output device is any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters, and synthesisers.A computer display, monitor or screen is a computer peripheral device capable of showing still or moving images generated by a computer and processed by a graphic card. Monitors generally conform to one or more display standards.As with television, several different hardware technologies exist for displaying the actual image:Cathode ray tube (CRT) Liquid crystal display (LCD) (more and more used). They can receive TV and computer bands (AVGA, PAL, SECAM; NTSC) Plasma displayA modern CRT display has considerable flexibility: it can often handle all resolutions from 640 by 480 pixels (640x480) up to 2048 by 1536 pixels (2048x1536) with 32-bit colour and a variety of refresh rates. The sharpness of a display is described by its dot pitch. In general, the lower the dot pitch, (i.e. .24), the sharper the picture will be.Some technical circles prefer the name "display" to the word "monitor". Computer displays have also been known as visual display units or VDUs.Early CRT-based VDUs without graphics capabilities gained the label 'glass teletypes', because of the similarity to their electromechanical predecessors.

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1 Input device is any machine capable of representing information from a computer.

2 A computer display can show only still images but a monitor can show moving images generated by a computer.

3 Cathode ray tubes have been more and more used now. 4 Computer displays have also been known as visual display units or

VDUs. 5 Early CRT-based VDUs without graphics capabilities gained the label

'glass teletypes', because of the similarity to their electromechanical predecessors.

3.8.2 Reading: How to read a monitor ad

Task 2Study this text about monitors. Then decide if each statement is true or false. Give reasons for your answers.1 A dot pitch of 0.31 mm is better than one of 0.25 mm.2 A maximum resolution of 1600 x 1200 is better than 1280 x 1024.3 A refresh rate of 85 Hz is better than one of 75 Hz.4 A 17-inch monitor is 17 inches wide.5 The price of the monitor depends only on the size.

Philips 20.1 inch LCD Monitor200P4SS/00

The smart way to boost productivity. High productivity pays big dividends. That's why smart organisations rely on the Philips 200P4 for tasks that demand a big screen to get the job done at the best total cost of ownership. Outstanding front of screen performance

Specifications:Picture/Display

LCD panel type: 1600x1200 pixels, Anti glare polarised, RGB vertical stripe

Panel size: 20.1 “ / 51 cm Effective viewing area: 408 x 306 mm Pixel pitch: 0.255 x 0.255 mm Brightness: 250 cd/m2

Contrast ratio: 400:1 Display colours: 16M Viewing angle (Horizontal): 176 degree Viewing angle (Vertical): 176 degree Maximum resolution: 1600 x 1200 @ 60 Hz Factory present modes: 15 modes Refresh rate (V): 56Hz – 85 Hz

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PriceThe price mainly depends on the screen size. Common monitor sizes are 14-inch, 15-inch, 17-inch, and 21-inch. The price also depends on aperture grill pitch, resolution, and the number of controls.Screen sizeThe size of the screen is the diagonal distance from one corner to another. The actual area for images is smaller that this.Pixel pitchThis controls the space between the dots which make up the image. The less space between the dots, the better the display.Most monitors offer 0.28mm dot pitch but some go as high as 0.31mm or as low as 0.25mm.Maximum resolutionThe quality of the display depends on the number of dots which make up the image. The more dots, the better the display.Refresh rateThe monitor refreshes the image on the screen all the time. The faster this happens, the less the screen flickers. You should have a refresh rate of at least 72 Hz.

3.8.3 PrintersPrinter is a common output device used for printing the output of a computer on paper.

Task 3Read the text and answer these questions:1 Which of the printers is the cheapest according to the text?2 What are the disadvantages of dot-matrix printers?3 Are inkjet printers cheap to run?4 Which of the printers gives the best quality of output?5 Which of the printers is more expensive to run. The laser printer or the

inkjets?

Which types of printers do you know?There are three different types of printers. These are dot-matrix, inkjet, and laser printers. Basically, you get what you pay for. The more you pay, the better the printer.Dot-matrix printers are the cheapest kind of printer, but their print quality is low and they are noisy. They’re cheap to run.Pay a bit more for an inkjet and you get better quality and quieter operation, but inkjets are relatively slow and also expensive to run. They’re a good choice for colour.A laser printer gives you the best quality of output. It prints faster than either of the other two types of printer and it costs less to run than an inkjet. Great for black and white.Unfortunately, it costs almost twice as much.

3.8.4 Language work: Present Perfect ContinuousRead the examples.

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Present perfect simpleI’ve been a programmer analyst since 2001.

We use the Present perfect simple for a situation which began in the past and continues to the present. for past actions in a time period up to the present when we give the

quantity.

Present perfect continuousHow long have you been learning English?In the last three years, I’ve been working with Telecom. To make the Present perfect continuous we use has/have + been+ -ing

form of the verb. Positive sentence I/You/We/They‘ve (have) been working.He/She/It‘s (has) been writing. NegativeI/You/We/They haven’t (have not) been working.He/She/It hasn’t (has not) been writing. QuestionHave you been working? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.Has it been writing? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.The present perfect continuous is used with for, since and How long…? and other expressions of duration (e.g. all day), to talk about activities that started happening in the past and are still happening now.

They have been producing printers here for 5 years.(They started producing printers 5 years ago. They are still producing printers.)I have been trying to ring them all day.(I started trying to ring them this morning. I am still trying to ring them.)BUTWe normally use the present perfect simple with stative verbs, or about situations we consider permanent.Mark has been in Ostrava since 9 o’clock this morning. (NOT: has been being…) I have lived in Ostrava all my life. (NOT: have been living…)

We use the present perfect simple if we are talking about a completed action, particularly if we give details of how much or how many.

We use the present perfect continuous when something is still going on.I’ve written a report for Catherine. (It is finished.)I’ve been writing a report for Catherine. (I am still writing it.)

Task 4Read the situation and write two sentences using the words in brackets.

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1 Peter started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page 60.(read / for two hours) (read / 42 pages so far)

2 Linda is from Poland. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her tour two months ago.(travel / for two months) She(visit / five countries so far)

3 When they left college, Sue and Ellen started making films together. They still make films. (make / ten films since they left college)(make / films since they left college)

4 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask:(how long / wait?)

5 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:(how many people / invite?)

Task 5Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous.1 I am thinking about finding a job in Ireland, so I have been learning

(learn) English at evening classes for the last two years.2 By the way, I have worked (work) out those figures. They are on your

desk now.3 Marry is still writing letters. She1__________ (write) letters all day.4 She 2__________ (write) four letters today.5 I’m sorry; I didn’t know that you were here. 3__________ (you/ wait)

long?6 Look! Somebody 4__________ (break) that window.7 ‘Is it still raining?’ ‘No, it 5__________ (stop).’

3.8.5 SummaryOutput device is a machine capable of representing information from a computer. Monitor is the main output device used to display the output from a computer on a screen. VDU is abbreviation for a computer monitor. Printer is another common output device used for printing the output of a computer on paper.

Present perfect continuous To make the Present perfect continuous we use has/have + been+ -ing form of the verb. Positive sentence I/You/We/They‘ve (have) been working.He/She/It‘s (has) been writing. NegativeI/You/We/They haven’t (have not) been working.He/She/It hasn’t (has not) been writing. QuestionHave you been working? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.

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Has it been writing? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t. The present perfect continuous is used with for, since and How long…?

and other expressions of duration (e.g. all day), to talk about activities that started happening in the past and are still happening now.

We use the present perfect continuous when something is still going on.

Final tasks:Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect simple or continuous.How long __________ (you / read) that book?How many pages of that book __________ (you / read)

Word-playComplete the puzzle and find the key word in 8 down to finish the sentence:Practice makes _ _ _ _ _ _ _.1 and 2 it is a machine capable of representing information from a

computer.3 It is a computer output device used for displaying text and graphic

images.4 It is the number of times per second that the data held on a screen

display must receive a signal to maintain its visibility: ______ rate.5 An individual dot on a computer screen. 6 An abbreviation for cathode ray tube.7 An output device which changes output data into printed form.

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3.8.6 Vocabularyantiglare antireflexníboost zvýšitbrightness jascontrast ration kontrastní poměrpixel pitch rozteč obrazových bodůrefresh rate obnovovací frekvencespecification technická datavertical stripe podélný proužek

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3.8.7 Key

Task 11F, 2F, 3F, 4T, 5T

Task 21 F (The less space between the dots, the better the display.)2 T (The more dots, the better the display.)3 T (The faster the monitor refreshes the image on the screen, the less the

screen flickers.)4 F (The size of the screen is the diagonal distance from one corner to

another.)5 F (The price also depends on aperture grill pitch, resolution, and the

number of controls.)

Task 31 Dot-matrix printers are the cheapest kind of printer.2 Their print quality is low and they are noisy.3 Inkjets are relatively expensive to run.4 A laser printer gives you the best quality of output.5 A laser costs less to run than an inkjet.

Task 41 He has been reading for two hours. He has read 42 pages so far.2 She has been travelling for two months. She has visited five countries so

far.3 Sue and Ellen have made ten films since they left college. They have

been making films since they left college. 4 How long have you been waiting? 5 How many people have you invited?

Task 51has been writing, 2 has written, 3Have you been waiting, 4has broken, 5has stopped

Final tasks:How long have you been reading that book?How many pages of that book have you read?

81 O U T P U T2 D E V I C E3 S C R E E N4 R E F R E S H5 P I X E L6 C R T7 P R I N T E R

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3.9 Revision 3

Time 1 hourTask 1Cleaning a KeyboardHave you ever had any problems with your keyboard? Has your younger brother or your son spilt Coca-Cola into your keyboard? Here is advice how to solve such problems. But unfortunately, the paragraphs are not in the correct order. Could you put the paragraphs into the correct order?

a Simply slip the hooked ends of the tool under the keycap, squeeze the ends together to grip the underside of the keycap, and lift up. IBM designed a tool specifically for removing keycaps from its keyboards, but the chip puller works even better. After removing the cap, spray some compressed air into the space under the cap to dislodge the dirt. Then replace the cap and check the action of the key.

b Spills also can be a problem. If you tip a soft drink or cup of coffee into a keyboard, you do not necessarily have a disaster. You should immediately (or as soon as possible) flush out the keyboard with distilled water. Partially disassemble the keyboard and use the water to wash the components. If the spilled liquid has dried, soak the keyboard in some of the water for a while. When you are sure that the keyboard is clean, pour another gallon or so of distilled water over it and through the key switches to wash away any residual dirt. After the unit dries completely, it should be perfectly functional. You may be surprised to know that you can drench your keyboard with water, and it will not harm the components. Just make sure that you use distilled water, which is free from residue or mineral content. Also make sure that the keyboard is fully dry before you attempt to use it, or some of the components might short out.

c On all keyboards, each keycap is removable, which can be handy if a key sticks or acts erratically. For example, a common problem is a key that does not work every time you press it. This problem usually results from dirt collecting under the key. An excellent tool for removing keycaps on any keyboard is the U-shaped chip-puller tool.

d One of the best ways to maintain a keyboard in top condition is periodic cleaning. As preventive maintenance, you should vacuum the keyboard weekly or at least monthly. You can also use compressed air to blow the dust and dirt out instead of using a vacuum. Before you dust a keyboard with the compressed air, turn the keyboard upside down so that the particles of dirt and dust collected inside can fall out.

But in most cases, it is cheaper or more cost-effective to replace a keyboard rather than to repair it. This is especially true if the keyboard has an internal malfunction or if one of the key switches is defective. Replacement parts for

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keyboards are almost impossible to procure, and in most cases the installation of any repair part is difficult.

Task 2Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Use the present perfect or past simple tenses.1 Tom and I are old friends. I (know) ___________ him since I (be)

___________ a freshman in high school.2 Since the semester (begin) ___________, we (have) ___________ two

tests.3 Peter is a good student. He (be) ___________ in school since he (be)

___________ six years old.4 My mother (be, not) ___________ in school since she (graduate)

___________ from college in 1968.5 I’m studying Information technology at this university. I (be)

___________ at this university since the beginning of October. Since I ___________ (come) here, I (do) ___________ many things, and I (meet) ___________ many people.

Task 1 d1, c2, a3, b4

Task 21 Have known, was; 2 began, have had; 3 has been, he was; 4 hasn’t been, graduated; 5 have been, came, have done, have met.

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3.10 Storage devicesTime 3 hoursObjectivesBy the end of this unit you should be able to understand and use modal verbs expressing: ability, possibility, and permission - can, could, may obligation and necessity – must, have to, needn’t, can’t

Keywords: hard disk, read/write head, CD, DVD, USB flash disk.Can, could, may, must, have to, needn’t, don’t have to, mustn’t, can’t, (be) not allowed to.

There are many different kinds of storage device for computers, e.g. CD-ROM, floppy disk, hard disk, and developments are taking place all the time. List any other kinds of storage devices that you know.

3.10.1 Reading: Hard diskTask 1Read the text and delete the incorrect information.The inside of a hard disk with the platter removed.

The read-write arm is to the 1right/left. 2In the middle/ on the left side the electromagnets of the platter's motor can be seen. A hard disk uses 3rigid/ elastic rotating platters. It stores and retrieves digital data from a planar magnetic surface. Information is written to the disk by transmitting an electromagnetic flux

through an antenna or write head that is very 4close to/far from a magnetic material, which in turn changes its polarization due to the flux. The information can be read back in a reverse manner, as the magnetic fields cause electrical change in the coil or read head that passes over it. A typical hard disk drive design consists of a central axis upon which the platters spin at a constant speed. Moving along and between the platters on a common armature are the 5 yellow-write/red-write heads, with one head for each platter face. The armature moves the heads radially across the platters as they spin, allowing each head access to the entirety of the platter.

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3.10.2 CD and DVDRead the text and answer the questions:

CDs and DVDs are everywhere these days. Whether they are used to hold music, data or computer software, they have become the standard medium for distributing large quantities of information in a reliable package. Compact discs are so easy and cheap to produce that America Online sends out millions of them every year to entice new users. And if you have a computer and CD-R drive, you can create your own CDs, including

any information you want.A CD can store up to 74 minutes of music, so the total amount of digital data that must be stored on a CD is: 44,100 samples/channel/second x 2 bytes/sample x 2 channels x 74 minutes x 60 seconds/minute = 783,216,000 bytes.

A DVD is very similar to a CD, but it has a much larger data capacity. A standard DVD holds about seven times more data than a CD does. This huge capacity means that a DVD has enough room to store a full-length, MPEG-2-encoded movie, as well as a lot of other information.

Task 21 Where can CDs and DVDs be used? 2 Why does America Online send out millions of CDs? 3 What is the total amount of digital data that must be stored on a CD? 4 Does a CD have a larger data capacity than a DVD? 5 What does huge capacity of DVD allow?

3.10.3 A Flash DiskRead this advertisement.Travelling Issues?

There are more and more problems getting your computer through the airport. Size limitations can force you to check a bag if your laptop is too large forcing you to the baggage claim when you were planning on heading straight out the door and home. Even the smallest notebook can weigh a ton in airports and can give you a sore shoulder. High-powered X-rays can affect integrity

of your magnetic media. There are plenty of stories of stolen laptops at the airport. Why put up with that?

Use A Flash DiskUSB flash disk is an exciting data storage option. It comes in capacity from 32 Mb to 512 Mb and is so portable. I mean, pack of gum portable. One can carry four or five different PowerPoint presentations in the jacket pocket. Attach the disk to your key chain, so that you always know where it is. Compatibility!Computers can be found at client sites and you have to just plug in the disk to the USB port, the computer recognises the drive and away you go. It

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doesn't get any easier than that! If you need to leave a copy, just drag the files over to the computer and let the copying begin. It can also have lots of social advantages. Carry your favourite tunes to your friends' apartments and just plug the flash disk into a USB slot on their computer to share music with them! You can save all your holiday pictures on your disk and take them home to your parents. How cool is that?

APACER Flash Disks OverviewHave you been in trouble taking a lot of 3.5 disks for business? Apacer Handy Steno 2.0 is a perfect storage solution for you to store valuable data anytime, anywhere. With its mobile design, you can store and transport your data from work to home and school or on the road. The newly equipped USB 2.0 gives you

lightening speed in file transfer and saves you time. Apacer Handy Steno 2.0 fits your life and work in the digital world.USB 2.0 interface, a true "Plug & Play" interface • Easy to carry • LED Indicator • Write/Delete protection switch

Task 31 What technique does the advertisement use to persuade people to buy

the product?2 What are the advantages of Flash Disks mentioned in the text? Could

you add any others?

3.10.4 Modal verbs: ability, possibility, and permission Can, could, mayBefore studying this part it would be a good idea to revise modal verbs from the textbook Angličtina pro samouky (p. 60-61, 201-202, 241-242, 337-340).

Look at the sentences from the text.A CD can store up to 74 minutes of music. (ability)You can save all your holiday pictures on your disk. (possibility)Notice: We use can + infinitive without “to” He can speak five languages. Question How many languages can she speak? NegativeThey cannot (can’t) speak French.Can has no infinitive or present perfect form - we use be able to:I haven’t been able to finish the work.The past tense of can is could.

Ability and possibilityA CD can store up to 74 minutes of music.

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You can save all your holiday pictures on your disk.

Past ability From my hotel room I could see the sea. Negative:Unfortunately I couldn’t see the sea from the hotel room.

Past possibilityWe use could + have done or could + have been done to talk about something in the past which was possible, but which did not happen:I was foolish to leave so much money in your office. Someone could have stolen it.

Requesting actions and asking for permissionWe use can, could to ask people to do things.We use can, could, and may to ask people for permission.Can/Could you help me with the scanner?Can/Could/May I use your phone?Task 4Using your dictionary if necessary, match the adjectives from job advertisements (1-8) with the definitions (a-h).If you are1 flexible, 2bilingual, 3logical, 4computer literate, 5 pragmatic, 6 persuasive, 7

numerate, 8decisivea you can find practical solutions.b you can make firm decisions.c you can make others see your viewpoint.d you can adapt to changing circumstances.e you can deal with figures.f you can speak two languages.g you can deal with IT problems.h you can think clearly.

3.10.5 Modal verbs: obligation and necessitymust, have to, needn’t, don’t have to, mustn’t, can’t, (be) not allowed toObligation must, have to, need tomust usually expresses the personal opinion of the speaker about what is necessary or obligatory.have to usually express a general obligation outside the control of the speaker, or an obligation based on a rule or law.need to is used in both contexts to express necessity.You must have a lot of patience. What else must I be careful about?

I won’t come to lunch today - I have to finish this report.You have to make a long-term commitment.

Negative needn’t, don’t have toYou don’t have to get up very early.

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You needn’t worry if you really don’t like the look of something.

Prohibition mustn’t, can’t, (be) not allowed toPassengers in the airport mustn’t leave their luggage unattended at any time.You mustn’t include graphics only to make the WebPages look nice.I’m sorry but we can’t/aren’t allowed to give you the information by the phone.

Task 5Complete the sentences by choosing the most appropriate alternative.1 I must go to the bank a. I’m giving a training course there.2 I have to go to the bank b. I’ve got no money left.

3 I must get more exercise c. it’s doctor’s orders!4 I have to get more exercise d. it makes me feel so much better.

5 I have to finish this report e. I’ve already spent too long on it.6 I must finish this report f. the company directors need it.

Task 6Underline the correct alternative to give true information about yourself.I often have to/I don’t usually have to work long hours.Last month I had to/I didn’t have to make a business trip.This week I’ve had to/I haven’t had to deal with a lot of problems.I’ll have to/I won’t have to get up early tomorrow.

3.10.6 SummaryThere are many different kinds of storage device for computers, e.g.hard disk (a disk drive that reads and writes data to the disk), CD-a compact disk (a storage device in the form of a disk that is read using laser light), DVD (digital versatile disk read only memory – an optical disk storage device that can hold a large amount of video data), flash, USB flash disk.

Modal verbsModals are special auxiliary verbs that add extra meaning to the main verb. For example, modals can express advice, necessity, and possibility.Ability and possibility canPast ability could Past possibility could + have done /could + have been done Requesting actions and asking for permissionCan/Could?Can/Could/May?

Obligation and necessityObligation must, have to, need toNegative needn’t, don’t have toProhibition mustn’t, can’t, (be) not allowed to

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Final task.Fill in can, can’t, could, couldn’t, must, have to, don’t have to.1_________ you swim when you were 10? My brother 2_________ read when he was 2 months old.I 3_________ understand English but I 4_________ speak Japanese.You can’t turn right here. You 5_________ turn left.I’m not working tomorrow, so I 6_________ get up early.I haven’t phoned Jim for ages. I 7_________ phone him tonight.

3.10.7 Vocabularydisk controller diskový řadič, disková řídící jednotkadisk drive disková mechanikaentice přilákatflux tok, prouděníhard disk drive mechanika pevného diskuplanar dvojrozměrnýplatter zde: jeden ze sestavy pevných diskůread/write head universální hlava, hlava pro čtení a zápisretrieve znovu získat/nabýt/najítrigid pevný, neohebnýsore rozbolavělýspindle vřetenostore uložit, uchovat

3.10.8 KeyTask 11left. 2In the middle 3rigid 4close to 5red-write

Task 21 They can be used everywhere these days, to hold music, data or

computer software, they have become the standard medium for distributing large quantities of information in a reliable package.

2 To attract new readers.3 783,216,000 bytes4 No, it doesn’t.5 DVD has enough room to store a full-length, MPEG-2-encoded movie,

as well as a lot of other information.

Task 3 Possible answers.The advertisement is trying to frighten the reader: it warns you that High-powered X-rays can affect integrity of your magnetic media, your laptop may seem heavy after a long time waiting at the airport or laptop could be stolen at the airport.

Task 41d, 2f, 3h, 4g, 5a, 6c, 7e, 8b

Task 5

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1b, 2a; 3d, 4c; 5f, 6e

Final task1could , 2couldn’t, 3 can , 4 can’t, 5 have to, 6 don’t have to, 7must

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3.11 Healthy computingTime 2 hours

Do you know how to be more comfortable and productive while using your computer? Do you know how to reduce risk of experiencing painful injuries?

ObjectivesBy the end of this unit you should be able to understand and use modal verbs expressing: suggestions, advice, and criticism - shall, should, ought to speculation – may, might, could, must, can’t.You also should be able to use structures for giving advice in English: I’d recommend / suggest

(that), my advice would be to, it might be a good idea to, if I were you I’d, I think you should, why don’t you, you could, how about, what about, I recommend / suggest, have you thought of, don’t, you shouldn’t.

Keywords: adjust, avoid, comfortable, footrest, glare, pain , to promote, work environment, workstation, wrist. Modal verbs: shall, should, ought to; may, might, could, must.

3.11.1 A typical workstation

Task 1Think about a typical workstation. Match the items (1-6) to the guidelines (a-f).

1 footrest2 chair3 document holder4 keyboard5 lamp6 monitor screen7 printer

a This should be adjustable and provide good back support.b This should be more than one metre away from you and as quiet as

possible.c Keep this level with your eyes. Don’t have it level with the desk. Make

sure it is flicker-free, and that you can read everything easily. Avoid any glare from the window.

d Use this if your feet do not rest flat on the floor.e Don’t get a stiff neck. Use this when you enter a lot of data.f Make sure it lights your work and not the screen.g Keep this directly in front of you and within easy reach.

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3.11.2 Reading: "Healthy Computing Guide".

When using a computer, as with many activities, you may experience occasional discomfort in your hands, arms, shoulders, neck, or other parts of your body.For information about arranging your workstation and developing habits that may help to reduce your risk of experiencing symptoms such as persistent or recurring discomfort, pain, aching, burning sensation, or stiffness, read this "Healthy Computing Guide".

When working or playing at the computer, adapt your surroundings and arrange your computing equipment to promote a comfortable and relaxed body posture. Setting up your workstation to avoid discomfort depends on your unique body size and work environment. However, the following suggestions may help to provide you with a more comfortable environment.

To support your back, try the following:Use a chair that supports your lower back (see detail 1).Adjust your work surface and chair height to assume a comfortable and natural body posture (see detail 2).

To promote comfortable leg postures:Clear away items from beneath your desk to allow comfortable leg positioning and movement.Use a footrest if your feet do not rest

comfortably on the floor.

To minimize reaching and to promote comfortable shoulder ad arm postures:

Place your keyboard and mouse or trackball at the same height; these should be at about elbow level. Your upper arms should fall relaxed at your sides (see detail 3).

When typing, centre your keyboard in front of you with your mouse or trackball located close to it (see detail 4).Place frequently used items comfortably within arm's reach (see detail 5).

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3.11.3 Giving advice and suggestionsHere are some useful phrasesAdvising people to do something:I’d recommend / suggest (that) … (we consult an expert).My advice would be to …(ask an expert).It might be a good idea to … (use a chair with back support).

If I were you I’d … (place the items comfortably within arm’s reach).I think you should … (avoid awkward postures).Why don’t you … (write down new vocabulary)?You could … (use a footrest).

How / What about …(setting up your workstation to avoid discomfort)?I recommend / suggest … (getting expert advice).Have you thought of… (arranging your computing equipment)?

Advising people not to do something:Don’t …(use a chair without back support).You shouldn’t…(put your printer too close).

Task 2Match the phrases in A with a suitable ending in B.A1 My advice would be…2 If I were you …3 How about…4 Have you thought …5 Why don’t…6 I think you should…7 I would suggest…

Ba using a chair that supports your lower back.b to adjust your work surface and chair height to assume a comfortable

and natural body posture.c clear away items from beneath your desk to allow comfortable leg

positioning and movement.d I’d use a footrest if your feet do not rest comfortably on the floor.e (that) you place your keyboard and mouse or trackball at the same

height; these should be at about elbow level.f of placing frequently used items comfortably within arm's reach?g you centre your keyboard in front of you with your mouse or trackball

located close to it?

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Task 3 Transform each of the imperative statements into an offer of advice, with, if possible, a reason, e.g. You should use a footrest. Your chair is too high.

To promote proper wrist and finger postures:Keep your wrists straight while typing and while using a mouse or trackball. Avoid bending your wrists up, down, or to the sides. If your keyboard has legs, extend them if this helps you maintain a comfortable and straight wrist position.Type with your hands and wrists floating above the keyboard, so that you can use your whole arm to reach for distant keys instead of stretching your fingers.

To minimize neck bending and twisting:

Position the top of the screen near eye level (see detail 6).Centre your monitor in front of you. If you refer to your documents more frequently than your monitor, consider placing your documents directly in front of you and the monitor slightly to the side.Consider using a document holder to position your documents near eye level.

Task 4Do you know how to minimize eyestrain?Fill in the missing words.

Adjust Adjust Avoid Position Remember

1 ____________ your monitor about an arm's length away from you when seated comfortably in front of it.

2 ____________ glare by placing your monitor away from light sources that produce glare, or use window blinds to control light levels.

3 ____________ to clean your screen. If you wear glasses, clean them also.4 ____________ your monitor's brightness and contrast.5 ____________onscreen front sizes to make viewing more comfortable

for you, if your computer program has this feature.

Adapted from http://www.microsoft.com/hardware/heg/default.html

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3.11.4 SummaryGiving advice and suggestionsYou can advise people in different ways.Advising people to do something:I’d recommend / suggest (that) … (subject + infinitive without “to”).If I were you I’d … (infinitive without “to”).Why don’t you … (infinitive without “to”)?I think you could/should … (infinitive without “to”).

It might be a good idea to … (infinitive).My advice would be to … (infinitive).

Have you thought of… (-ing)?I recommend / suggest … (-ing).How about … (-ing)?

Advising people not to do something:Don’t …(infinitive without “to”).You shouldn’t…(infinitive without “to”).

Final task:Correct these sentencesI think you should to use a footrest.Have you thought of to use a chair that supports your lower back?

3.11.5 Vocabularyadjust upravit, seříditaching rozbolavělýavoid vyhnout se, vyvarovat seburning pálenícomfortable pohodlnýdiscomfort nepohodlí, mírná bolest (některé části těla)finger prst (na ruce)footrest opěra (pro nohu)glare lesknatural body posture přirozená pozice tělanumbness [namns] strnulostpain bolestpersistent úpornýrecurring opakující sesensation pocitstiffness [stifns] ztuhlostto promote podporovat window- blind okenice, okenní záclona, roletawork environment pracovní prostředíworkstation pracovní stanicewrist zápěstí

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3.11.6 KeyTask 11-d, 2-a, 3-e, 4-g, 5-f, 6-c, 7-b

Task 21-b. 2-d. 3-a. 4-f. 5-g. 6-c. 7-e.

Task 44 Adjust 5 Adjust 2 Avoid 1 Position 3 Remember

Final task:I think you should use a footrest.Have you thought of using a chair that supports your lower back?

3.12 Assignment 3Time 5 hoursChoose any text you are interested in. Read at least five pages and translate them into Czech language. Write the summary of the text in English.

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